CASE

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Case Name

Caro v. Sher, 296 N.J. Super. 594, 687 A.2d 354 (Ch. Div. 1996)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/USs 100

Court

Country

UNITED STATES - STATE JURISDICTION

Name

Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth County

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Hayser J.

States involved

Requesting State

SPAIN

Requested State

UNITED STATES - STATE JURISDICTION

Decision

Date

30 October 1996

Status

Final

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Human Rights - Art. 20 | Procedural Matters

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(1)(b) 20

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(1)(b) 20

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
Roszkowski v. Roszkowska, 274 N.J. Super. 620, 644 A.2d 1150 (Ch. Div. 1993); Ivaldi v. Ivaldi, 288 N.J. Super. 575, 672 A.2d 1226 (App. Div. 1996); Schmidt v. Schmidt, 227 N.J. Super 528, 548 A.2d 195 (App. Div. 1988); Tahan v. Duquette, 259 N.J. Super. 328, 613 A.2d 486 (App. Div. 1992); Loos v. Manuel, 278 N.J. Super. 607, 651 A.2d 1077 (Ch. Div. 1994); Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir. 1996).

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Limited Nature of the Exceptions
Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms
Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms

Implementation & Application Issues

Procedural Matters
Costs

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children were 13, 11 and 7 at the date of the alleged wrongful removal. They had lived in Spain all of their lives.

In February 1993 the tribunal of first instance in Alicante delivered a provisional decree granting the mother physical custody of the children.

In July 1993 the mother travelled with the children for a vacation in the United States whereupon she immediately filed for divorce and custody. The father issued a petition for the children's return to Spain pursuant to the Convention.

On 20 August 1993 the US court ordered the children's return and they duly went back to Spain.

On 16 November 1994 a Spanish court denied the mother's petition to relocate with the children to the United States. An appeal to the Spanish Court of Appeals was not scheduled to be heard until 15 September 1998.

On 29 June 1996 the mother filed a petition with the Spanish trial court giving notice that with the father's consent, she would again vacation with the children in the United States from 8 July 1996 to 17 August 1996. Upon arriving in the United States, the mother advised the father that she would not be returning.

On 9 September 1996 the father applied for return of the child under the Convention.

Ruling

Retention wrongful and return ordered; the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate that the children would face an intolerable situation had not been met.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The court must initially determine whether the claims raised by mother under Article 13(1)(b) may be fairly addressed by the Spanish courts. In proceedings under the Convention the court's role is not to make traditional child custody decisions. It is to determine in what jurisdiction the child should be physically located so that the proper jurisdiction can make custody decisions.

Human Rights - Art. 20

The concept of 'clear and convincing' is more stringent than the ordinary civil standard of 'preponderance of the evidence,' and is reserved for the protection of important interests. The mother did not reach this burden in proving that what would be an almost four year delay by the Alicante Court of Appeals in hearing her appeal to relocate to the US violated both her and the children's fundamental interests in procedural due process. The Spanish courts had the ability to address these concerns. The court affirmed that delay was a problem faced by many parties and not unique to Spain.

Procedural Matters

Reasonable counsel fees and costs were awarded to the father, subject to the right of the respondent mother to show that such an award would be inappropriate.

INCADAT comment

Other US decisions where arguments on the basis of Article 20 have been rejected include:

Freier v. Freier, 969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 133];

Ciotola v. Fiocca, 86 Ohio Misc. 2d 24, 684 N.E.2d 763 (Ohio Com. Pl. 1997) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 99];

Janakakis-Kostun v. Janakakis, 6 S.W.3d 843 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999), pet. for cert. filed, 68 U.S.L.W. 3598 (Mar. 8, 2000) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 320];

Escaf v. Rodriquez 200 F. Supp. 2d 603 (E.D. Va., 2002) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 798].

Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Costs

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.