HC/E/USs 100
UNITED STATES - STATE JURISDICTION
Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth County
First Instance
SPAIN
UNITED STATES - STATE JURISDICTION
30 October 1996
Final
Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Human Rights - Art. 20 | Procedural Matters
Return ordered
-
The court must initially determine whether the claims raised by mother under Article 13(1)(b) may be fairly addressed by the Spanish courts. In proceedings under the Convention the court's role is not to make traditional child custody decisions. It is to determine in what jurisdiction the child should be physically located so that the proper jurisdiction can make custody decisions.
The concept of 'clear and convincing' is more stringent than the ordinary civil standard of 'preponderance of the evidence,' and is reserved for the protection of important interests. The mother did not reach this burden in proving that what would be an almost four year delay by the Alicante Court of Appeals in hearing her appeal to relocate to the US violated both her and the children's fundamental interests in procedural due process. The Spanish courts had the ability to address these concerns. The court affirmed that delay was a problem faced by many parties and not unique to Spain.
Reasonable counsel fees and costs were awarded to the father, subject to the right of the respondent mother to show that such an award would be inappropriate.
Other US decisions where arguments on the basis of Article 20 have been rejected include:
Freier v. Freier, 969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 133];
Ciotola v. Fiocca, 86 Ohio Misc. 2d 24, 684 N.E.2d 763 (Ohio Com. Pl. 1997) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 99];
Janakakis-Kostun v. Janakakis, 6 S.W.3d 843 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999), pet. for cert. filed, 68 U.S.L.W. 3598 (Mar. 8, 2000) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 320];
Escaf v. Rodriquez 200 F. Supp. 2d 603 (E.D. Va., 2002) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 798].
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.