HC/E/PL 1188
Cour européenne des droits de l'homme
European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)
UNITED KINGDOM
POLAND
2 November 2010
Final
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
-
The Court pointed out that Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was intended "essentially to protect individuals against arbitrary interference by public authorities" and also "created affirmative obligations inherent in effective 'respect' for family life. In either case, due regard to the proper balance to be secured between the competing interests of the individual and the community as a whole [was] required; likewise, in either case, the State [enjoyed] a measure of discretion".
Article 8 of the ECHR also implied "a parent's entitlement to suitable measures to reunite him or her with the child and an obligation for the domestic authorities to take them", and the States' obligations were to be interpreted in the light of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and the adequacy of those measures was measured by the promptness of their implementation. Thus the Court could "have regard, in the area of Article 8, to the manner and duration of the decision-making process", as stressed by Article 11 of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention.
The Court noted that the father had initially been granted an order for immediate return but that the related execution proceedings had not been concluded because the order was eventually modified a year later owing to changed circumstances. On this issue, the Court accepted that "a change in relevant circumstances [could] justify the non-execution of a final ruling to reunite a parent with his or her child. However, having regard to the affirmative obligations borne by a State under Article 8 and the general requirement of the rule of law, the Court [needed] to ascertain that this change in circumstances [was] not due to the domestic authorities' inability to take all the measures that could reasonably be required of them to facilitate execution of such a ruling".
Against this background, the Court noted that "it appears from the legal basis of the ruling delivered on 10 May 2005 by the Pulawi District Court that the change in relevant circumstances which led to reversal of the decision initially favouring the applicant occurred as a result of the events on 6 May 2004, i.e., the father's failed attempt to take the child from her mother in order to take her back to the United Kingdom, despite the proceedings pending in Poland for execution of the decision ordering the child's return to her father".
The Court noted that "the expert opinions on which the District Court relied mentioned the negative impact of the incident concerned on the child's emotional condition. In particular, the experts noted that the incident concerned contributed to the deterioration of the emotional connections between the applicant and his daughter, an occurrence which was subsequently amplified by the behaviour of the child's mother".
According to the Court, "the evolution of the situation and the subsequent reversal of the decision ordering the child's return to the United Kingdom were imputable, to a large extent, to the behaviour of the child's parents, regarded as inadequate by the experts". It also noted that the father had not exercised the option to apply for a right of access during the proceedings.
The Court noted that throughout the proceedings, the authorities had been active, but observed a few minor delays, concluding, however, that "apart from these delays, the decision-making process [had] proceeded regularly; accordingly, the authorities may not be regarded as significantly inactive".
The Court, by a four-to-three majority, accordingly held that the reversal, against the father, of the decision ordering his daughter's return to the United Kingdom "is not imputable essentially to the behaviour of the domestic authorities", and considered accordingly that Article 8 of the ECHR had not been infringed. Judges Mijoviċ, Bianku and de Gaetano stated a dissenting opinion.
In their view, by nature, abduction cases were "urgent and [required] more than special diligence", any unjustified delay being seen "as an unjustified infringement of family life within the meaning of Article 8 § 2 of the Convention". Yet both the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and Brussels IIa Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003), which was applicable in the case in point on the basis of the child's residence, set at 6 weeks the time within which a decision had to be made.
This meant - and that was in fact "the only possible interpretation if one wished to achieve the objective of the prompt return of abducted children - that where this period of six weeks [was] exceeded, it [was] incumbent on the State to provide justification for this situation on credible and valid grounds".
In their view, "the unjustified delay preceding delivery of the 'first' final ruling (on 1 April 2004) [had] certainly provided a major contribution to the appearance of the 'new circumstances' asserted to justify the decision dated 10 May 2005".
They added that "it [was] a well-known fact that a defendant wishing to extend the proceedings [submitted] repeated applications for the production of such evidence, and if the judges [were] not fully aware of their duty to deal with such cases on an emergency basis or were swamped with other cases, they [would] inevitably grant such applications, resulting in further delay", stressing that "the concept of 'length' in such situations covered by Article 8 could not be considered in the same way as when it [concerned] other rights and duties of a civil nature covered by Article 6, as the Court [had] stressed in its Macready ruling" (Macready v. Czech Republic (Applications Nos 4824/06 and 15512/02) INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1159).
They added that they were also unable to agree with the view suggesting that "a parent whose child has been abducted by the other parent and removed to another country is supposed to visit that country on a regular basis and apply there for his or her temporary rights of access, and that not taking that action is analysed as a kind of self-inflicted infringement of Article 8", hoping that "this [would] not be the construction placed on this paragraph".
"Finally, the fact that it was no longer in [the child's] interest to return to the United Kingdom ought not to have prevented the Court from finding that the applicant's rights secured by Article 8 had been infringed. Even if the decision dated 1 April 2004 had been executed and the child had joined her father in the United Kingdom, the infringement of the State's affirmative obligation under Article 8 interpreted in the light of the Hague Convention and the two aforementioned Brussels Regulations would nonetheless already have been consummated".
Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini
Where an abducting parent does not comply voluntarily the implementation of a return order will require coercive measures to be taken. The introduction of such measures may give rise to legal and practical difficulties for the applicant. Indeed, even where ultimately successful significant delays may result before the child's future can be adjudicated upon in the State of habitual residence. In some extreme cases the delays encountered may be of such length that it may no longer be appropriate for a return order to be made.
Work of the Hague Conference
Considerable attention has been paid to the issue of enforcement at the Special Commissions convened to review the operation of the Hague Convention.
In the Conclusions of the Fourth Review Special Commission in March 2001 it was noted:
"Methods and speed of enforcement
3.9 Delays in enforcement of return orders, or their non-enforcement, in certain Contracting States are matters of serious concern. The Special Commission calls upon Contracting States to enforce return orders promptly and effectively.
3.10 It should be made possible for courts, when making return orders, to include provisions to ensure that the order leads to the prompt and effective return of the child.
3.11 Efforts should be made by Central Authorities, or by other competent authorities, to track the outcome of return orders and to determine in each case whether enforcement is delayed or not achieved."
See: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" and "Conclusions and Recommendations".
In preparation for the Fifth Review Special Commission in November 2006 the Permanent Bureau prepared a report entitled: "Enforcement of Orders Made Under the 1980 Convention - Towards Principles of Good Practice", Prel. Doc. No 7 of October 2006, (available on the Hague Conference website at < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Preliminary Documents").
The 2006 Special Commission encouraged support for the principles of good practice set out in the report which will serve moreover as a future Guide to Good Practice on Enforcement Issues, see: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Conclusions and Recommendations" then "Special Commission of October-November 2006"
European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)
The ECrtHR has in recent years paid particular attention to the issue of the enforcement of return orders under the Hague Convention. On several occasions it has found Contracting States to the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention have failed in their positive obligations to take all the measures that could reasonably be expected to enforce a return order. This failure has in turn led to a breach of the applicant parent's right to respect for their family life, as guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), see:
Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, No. 31679/96, (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 7, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 336];
Sylvester v. Austria, Nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98, (2003) 37 E.H.R.R. 17, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 502];
H.N. v. Poland, No. 77710/01, (2005) 45 EHRR 1054, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 811];
Karadžic v. Croatia, No. 35030/04, (2005) 44 EHRR 896, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 819];
P.P. v. Poland, No. 8677/03, 8 January 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 941].
The Court will have regard to the circumstances of the case and the action taken by the national authorities. A delay of 8 months between the delivery of a return order and enforcement was held not to have constituted a breach of the left behind parent's right to family life in:
Couderc v. Czech Republic, 31 January 2001, No. 54429/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 859].
The Court has dismissed challenges by parents who have argued that enforcement measures, including coercive steps, have interfered with their right to a family life, see:
Paradis v. Germany, 15 May 2003, No. 4783/03, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 860];
A.B. v. Poland, No. 33878/96, 20 November 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 943];
Maumousseau and Washington v. France, No. 39388/05, 6 December 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 942].
The positive obligation to act when faced with the enforcement of a custody order in a non-Hague Convention child abduction case was upheld in:
Bajrami v. Albania, 12 December 2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 898].
However, where an applicant parent has contributed to delay this will be a relevant consideration, see as regards the enforcement of a custody order following upon an abduction:
Ancel v. Turkey, No. 28514/04, 17 February 2009, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1015].
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact), see:
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n°71/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].
Case Law on Enforcement
The following are examples of cases where a return order was made but enforcement was resisted:
Belgium
Cour de cassation 30/10/2008, C.G. c. B.S., N° de rôle: C.06.0619.F, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 750];
Canada
H.D. et N.C. c. H.F.C., Cour d'appel (Montréal), 15 mai 2000, N° 500-09-009601-006 (500-04-021679-007), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 915];
Switzerland
427/01/1998, 49/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne (Suisse); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];
5P.160/2001/min, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 423];
5P.454/2000/ZBE/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 786];
5P.115/2006/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 840].
Enforcement may equally be rendered impossible because of the reaction of the children concerned, see:
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re B. (Children) (Abduction: New Evidence) [2001] 2 FCR 531; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 420];
United Kingdom - Scotland
Cameron v. Cameron (No. 3) 1997 SCLR 192; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 112];
Spain
Auto Juzgado de Familia Nº 6 de Zaragoza (España), Expediente Nº 1233/95-B; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 899].
Enforcement of Return Orders Pending Appeal
For examples of cases where return orders have been enforced notwithstanding an appeal being pending see:
Argentina
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n° 11/00 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact).
Spain
Sentencia nº 120/2002 (Sala Primera); Número de Registro 129/1999. Recurso de amparo [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 907];
United States of America
Fawcett v. McRoberts, 326 F.3d 491 (4th Cir. Va., 2003) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 494].
In Miller v. Miller, 240 F.3d 392 (4th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 461] while it is not clear whether the petition was lodged prior to the return being executed, the appeal was nevertheless allowed to proceed.
However, in Bekier v. Bekier, 248 F.3d 1051 (11th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 909] an appeal was not allowed to proceed once the child was returned to the State of habitual residence.
In the European Union where following the entry into force of the Brussels IIa Regulation there is now an obligation that abductions cases be dealt with in a six week time frame, the European Commission has suggested that to guarantee compliance return orders might be enforced pending appeal, see Practice Guide for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003.
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.