CASE

No full text available

Case Name

Recurso No 1238/2011

INCADAT reference

HC/E/1199

Court

Country

SPAIN

Name

Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Civil

Level

Superior Appellate Court

Judge(s)
Juan Antonio Xiol Rios, Francisco Marin Castan, José Antonio Seijas Quintana (Voting Judge), Francisco Javier Arroyo Fiestas, Román Garcia Varela

States involved

Decision

Date

26 October 2012

Status

Final

Grounds

Non-Convention Issues

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

-

HC article(s) Relied Upon

-

Other provisions
Article 156 Civil Code, Article 19 Spanish Constitution, Article 18.1 United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child, Organic Rule on Legal Protection of Children No. 1/1996, January 15
Authorities | Cases referred to

-

Published in

-

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR

Facts

The proceedings concerned a child whose parents had never lived together, their relationship having ended prior to the child's birth. An agreement on custody resulted in the child living with the mother and having frequent contact with the father. Thereafter, the mother started travelling to New York for work. The father gave his authorization to the child accompanying the mother. During the mother's second trip to New York, the girl stayed with her father in Valladolid, Spain.

The father subsequently considered that mother had no job stability, and that her trips were having a negative influence on the child, so he decided to revoke the authorization allowing the child to leave the country. He also asked a first instance court to issue an order preventing the child from leaving the country. When he informed the mother of his decision, she advised that she was already in the United States of America with the child.

The father asked the first instance Court to grant him custody of the child in case the mother decided to live in a place other than Valladolid, or, joint custody in case she settled definitively in Valladolid. He also asked for a contact order in favour of the mother and child support for the child. The mother in turn petitioned for custody of the child, with permission for her to live in the United States of America. In the alternative, the mother asked for custody rights with permanent residence in Valladolid.

The first instance Court granted custody to the mother, contact to the father and ordered the latter to pay child support, in case mother decided to reside in Valladolid. However, the first instance Court held that were the mother to move to the United States of America, custody would be granted to the father, and contact to the mother (one full weekend per month and half of the summer and winter school holidays). The mother would also have to pay child support. The mother appealed.

The Audiencia Provincial granted custody to the mother, together with the right to fix the child's place of residence. The father was granted contact (in accordance with the previous agreement of the parents and as included in the first instance decision - foreseen in case the child resided in Valladolid) and ordered him to pay child support.

The father issued a legal challenge before the Supreme Court as regards the issue of contact rights and the element of the decision allowing the mother to establish unilaterally the child's place of residence.

Ruling

Legal challenge upheld. The Audiencia Provincial order was set aside and the Supreme Court ordered a new decision to be made on the child's relocation, which would assess the appropriateness of her removal to the United States of America and the attribution of contact rights in a way which was fair and equal for both the child and her parents.

Grounds

Non-Convention Issues


The Court held that actions and responsibilities arising through the institution of patria potestas were the same for both parents, so that each one (custody holder or contact holder) had an active role to play in respect of his/her children.

This included not only assisting the other parent, but participating in all significant decisions related to the best interest of the child. One such decision related to the relocation or removal of the child, since the latter implied separating the child from his/her habitual environment and interfering with the exercise of contact between the child and the non-custodial parent.
    
The Supreme Court made reference to Article 156 of the Civil Code which establishes the joint or agreed exercise of the rights and duties emerging from the institution of patria potestas. The Court held that where parents were unable to reach agreement as to the upbringing of their child, it would be for a judge to determine which of them should exercise any or all the powers that fell within the scope of patria potestas, and for how long.

Nevertheless, such judicial intervention did not abolish the patria potestas rights and duties that should be exercised equally by both parents. Consequently, it could be said that the joint exercise of patria potestas, was the rule, whilst the attribution of any or all the powers that fell within the scope of patria potestas to one parent alone, would be the exception.

The Court noted that an international relocation was, without doubt one of the most important decisions that could be taken for a child and his / her family life. Consequently, it should be based on the agreement of both parents, or if not, on the decision of one with the express or tacit agreement of the other. Only when no agreement was possible, should a judge decide on the issue.

The Court acknowledged that a change of residence might imply a radical change to the child's social and family environments, causing problems of adjustment. If such a change were to affect the interests of the child, these would be given preference, and a change of custody could be considered.

The Court recalled that the decision adopted by the Audiencia Provincial had permitted the mother to determine the child's place of residence, contrary to the father's patria potestas rights and duties. In addition, the decision under challenge did not consider whether the removal was or was not in accordance with the interests of the child. Furthermore, the Court noted that if the child was to move to the United States of America, the provision for the exercise of contact have been established in a very imprecise way.

The Supreme Court concluded that the decision adopted by the Audiencia Provincial had not respected the rights of the child and had over-looked the fact that both parents had common obligations regarding the upbringing and development of the child, as well as the entitlement to exercise patria potestas rights and duties even when they were living apart.

Author of the summary: Professor Nieve Rubaja, Argentina