HC/E/1199
SPAIN
Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Civil
Superior Appellate Court
26 October 2012
Final
Non-Convention Issues
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The Court held that actions and responsibilities arising through the institution of patria potestas were the same for both parents, so that each one (custody holder or contact holder) had an active role to play in respect of his/her children.
This included not only assisting the other parent, but participating in all significant decisions related to the best interest of the child. One such decision related to the relocation or removal of the child, since the latter implied separating the child from his/her habitual environment and interfering with the exercise of contact between the child and the non-custodial parent.
The Supreme Court made reference to Article 156 of the Civil Code which establishes the joint or agreed exercise of the rights and duties emerging from the institution of patria potestas. The Court held that where parents were unable to reach agreement as to the upbringing of their child, it would be for a judge to determine which of them should exercise any or all the powers that fell within the scope of patria potestas, and for how long.
Nevertheless, such judicial intervention did not abolish the patria potestas rights and duties that should be exercised equally by both parents. Consequently, it could be said that the joint exercise of patria potestas, was the rule, whilst the attribution of any or all the powers that fell within the scope of patria potestas to one parent alone, would be the exception.
The Court noted that an international relocation was, without doubt one of the most important decisions that could be taken for a child and his / her family life. Consequently, it should be based on the agreement of both parents, or if not, on the decision of one with the express or tacit agreement of the other. Only when no agreement was possible, should a judge decide on the issue.
The Court acknowledged that a change of residence might imply a radical change to the child's social and family environments, causing problems of adjustment. If such a change were to affect the interests of the child, these would be given preference, and a change of custody could be considered.
The Court recalled that the decision adopted by the Audiencia Provincial had permitted the mother to determine the child's place of residence, contrary to the father's patria potestas rights and duties. In addition, the decision under challenge did not consider whether the removal was or was not in accordance with the interests of the child. Furthermore, the Court noted that if the child was to move to the United States of America, the provision for the exercise of contact have been established in a very imprecise way.
The Supreme Court concluded that the decision adopted by the Audiencia Provincial had not respected the rights of the child and had over-looked the fact that both parents had common obligations regarding the upbringing and development of the child, as well as the entitlement to exercise patria potestas rights and duties even when they were living apart.
Author of the summary: Professor Nieve Rubaja, Argentina