CASO

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Nombre del caso

Poliero v. Centenaro, 373 Fed.Appx. 102, 2010 WL 1573771 (C.A.2 (N.Y.)) (2d Cir. 2010)

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/USf 1024

Tribunal

País

Estados Unidos de América - Competencia Federal

Nombre

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

Instancia

Tribunal de Apelaciones

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Italia

Estado requerido

Estados Unidos de América - Competencia Federal

Fallo

Fecha

21 April 2010

Estado

-

Fundamentos

Residencia habitual - art. 3

Fallo

Apelación desestimada, restitución ordenada

Artículo(s) del Convenio considerados

3

Artículo(s) del Convenio invocados en la decisión

3

Otras disposiciones

-

Jurisprudencia | Casos referidos

-

Publicado en

-

INCADAT comentario

Objetivos y ámbito de aplicación del Convenio

Residencia habitual
Residencia habitual
Instalación en el extranjero por un tiempo limitado

SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The application related to four children born in Italy to Italian parents in 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2005. The parents encountered difficulties in their marriage and in late 2006 began to consider moving to New York for a year. In July 2007 the family embarked on the move and took up residence in an apartment which had been rented for 12 months, furniture was also rented. The family continued to maintain the home in Italy, which contained their furnishings, possessions and cars.

In December 2007 the family returned to Italy on vacation. In Spring 2008 the parents began to discuss extending their stay for another year. In mid June the family moved out of their New York flat when the lease expired.  They then spent two weeks on vacation in the United States before returning to Italy for the summer.

The family went back to New York in September 2008, with a 10 month lease taken on an apartment. The father immediately returned to Italy for the purposes of his employment.  In December 2008 mother and children travelled to Italy for the Christmas vacation. In 2009 relations between the parents deteriorated and they began to express differing views as to what should happen in the future.

On 6 June 2009 the father was served with a divorce and custody petition in the State of New York. On 23 June 2009 the father filed a return petition in the United States. On 1 July the mother did not return with the children. On 21 July the divorce and custody action was dismissed in the New York Supreme Court.

On 14 August 2009 a Magistrate Judge in the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York ordered the return of the children: Poliero v. Centenaro, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83665 (E.D.N.Y., Aug. 14, 2009) On 11 September 2009 the ruling of the Magistrate Judge was adopted by a District Judge: Poliero v. Centenaro (In re Four Infant Children), 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82764 (E.D.N.Y., Sept. 11, 2009). The mother appealed.

Ruling

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the retention was wrongful, the children having retained their Italian habitual residence during their extended stays in the United States.

Grounds

Habitual Residence - Art. 3

The Court of Appeals recalled that for purposes of the Hague Convention a child's habitual residence was a legal precept and therefore capable of review de novo, however, in this any supporting factual findings were only reviewable for clear error. The Court restated its previous assessment of habitual residence as set down in Gitter v. Gitter, 396 F.3d 124, 130-31 (2d Cir. 2005) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 776].

Namely that consideration must first be given to the shared intent of those entitled to fix the child's residence (usually the parents) at the latest time that their intent was shared. This question could in turn be broken down into two components: whether the parents formed a shared, "settled intention" to "abandon" the child's previous habitual residence, and whether the parents had mutually intended that the child acquire a new habitual residence in a new location.

The purpose behind the move need not be to stay in a new location forever, but the family must have a sufficient degree of continuity to be properly described as settled. Generally, once the shared intentions of the parents are determined, it will be concluded that the child's habitual residence accords with that parental intent.

However, a second stage of the assessment of habitual residence requires consideration as to whether regardless of parental intention, the child has become acclimatized to his new surroundings and that his habitual residence has consequently shifted.

The Court repeated that this was a difficult test to satisfy, and a child's habitual residence would only be found to have "shifted" due to acclimatization if his relative attachments to the two possible habitual residences had changed to the point where requiring return to the original forum would be tantamount to taking the child out of the family and social environment in which his life had developed.

In the light of this approach, the Court of Appeals accepted that the facts found by the district court proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the habitual residence of the children was Italy. First, the district court made factual findings that sufficiently demonstrated that the parties at no time formed a shared settled intention to abandon Italy as the children's habitual residence. The parents did not attempt to sell their family home in Italy.

They maintained their personal belongings and furniture there. The parents had leased their two apartments in New York and for at least the first year of their stay they had rented and not purchased their furniture. Additionally, the family maintained continuous connections with Italy, even though they did not live there the majority of the year, and returned each year for several weeks at Christmas, as well as for the entire summer of 2008.

Additionally, the Court of Appeals found that the district court had not erred in concluding that the children had not acquired a new habitual residence in the United States by acclimatizing to the country. They had adjusted well to New York and interviews with the two older children indicated some preference for remaining in the United States, but significant connections with Italy were maintained.

Consequently, no significant harm would result from a return. The Court of Appeals further held that whether or not the father had engaged in domestic violence, was not directly relevant to the determination of the habitual residence of the children.

INCADAT comment

Habitual Residence

The interpretation of the central concept of habitual residence (Preamble, Art. 3, Art. 4) has proved increasingly problematic in recent years with divergent interpretations emerging in different jurisdictions. There is a lack of uniformity as to whether in determining habitual residence the emphasis should be exclusively on the child, with regard paid to the intentions of the child's care givers, or primarily on the intentions of the care givers. At least partly as a result, habitual residence may appear a very flexible connecting factor in some Contracting States yet much more rigid and reflective of long term residence in others.

Any assessment of the interpretation of habitual residence is further complicated by the fact that cases focusing on the concept may concern very different factual situations. For example habitual residence may arise for consideration following a permanent relocation, or a more tentative move, albeit one which is open-ended or potentially open-ended, or indeed the move may be for a clearly defined period of time.

General Trends:

United States Federal Appellate case law may be taken as an example of the full range of interpretations which exist with regard to habitual residence.

Child Centred Focus

The United States Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit has advocated strongly for a child centred approach in the determination of habitual residence:

Friedrich v. Friedrich, 983 F.2d 1396, 125 ALR Fed. 703 (6th Cir. 1993) (6th Cir. 1993) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 142]

Robert v. Tesson, 507 F.3d 981 (6th Cir. 2007) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/US 935].

See also:

Villalta v. Massie, No. 4:99cv312-RH (N.D. Fla. Oct. 27, 1999) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 221].

Combined Child's Connection / Parental Intention Focus

The United States Courts of Appeals for the 3rd and 8th Circuits, have espoused a child centred approach but with reference equally paid to the parents' present shared intentions.

The key judgment is that of Feder v. Evans-Feder, 63 F.3d 217 (3d Cir. 1995) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 83].

See also:

Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886 (8th Cir. 2003) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 530];

Karkkainen v. Kovalchuk, 445 F.3d 280 (3rd Cir. 2006) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 879].

In the latter case a distinction was drawn between the situation of very young children, where particular weight was placed on parental intention(see for example: Baxter v. Baxter, 423 F.3d 363 (3rd Cir. 2005) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 808]) and that of older children where the impact of parental intention was more limited.

Parental Intention Focus

The judgment of the Federal Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit in Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 301] has been highly influential in providing that there should ordinarily be a settled intention to abandon an existing habitual residence before a child can acquire a new one.

This interpretation has been endorsed and built upon in other Federal appellate decisions so that where there was not a shared intention on the part of the parents as to the purpose of the move this led to an existing habitual residence being retained, even though the child had been away from that jurisdiction for an extended period of time. See for example:

Holder v. Holder, 392 F.3d 1009 (9th Cir 2004) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 777]: United States habitual residence retained after 8 months of an intended 4 year stay in Germany;

Ruiz v. Tenorio, 392 F.3d 1247 (11th Cir. 2004) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 780]: United States habitual residence retained during 32 month stay in Mexico;

Tsarbopoulos v. Tsarbopoulos, 176 F. Supp.2d 1045 (E.D. Wash. 2001) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 482]: United States habitual residence retained during 27 month stay in Greece.

The Mozes approach has also been approved of by the Federal Court of Appeals for the 2nd and 7th Circuits:

Gitter v. Gitter, 396 F.3d 124 (2nd Cir. 2005) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 776];

Koch v. Koch, 450 F.3d 703 (2006 7th Cir.) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 878].

It should be noted that within the Mozes approach the 9th Circuit did acknowledge that given enough time and positive experience, a child's life could become so firmly embedded in the new country as to make it habitually resident there notwithstanding lingering parental intentions to the contrary.

Other Jurisdictions

There are variations of approach in other jurisdictions:

Austria
The Supreme Court of Austria has ruled that a period of residence of more than six months in a State will ordinarily be characterized as habitual residence, and even if it takes place against the will of the custodian of the child (since it concerns a factual determination of the centre of life).

8Ob121/03g, Oberster Gerichtshof [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AT 548].

Canada
In the Province of Quebec, a child centred focus is adopted:

In Droit de la famille 3713, No 500-09-010031-003 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CA 651], the Cour d'appel de Montréal held that the determination of the habitual residence of a child was a purely factual issue to be decided in the light of the circumstances of the case with regard to the reality of the child's life, rather than that of his parents. The actual period of residence must have endured for a continuous and not insignificant period of time; the child must have a real and active link to the place, but there is no minimum period of residence which is specified.

Germany
A child centred, factual approach is also evident in German case law:

2 UF 115/02, Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DE 944].

This has led to the Federal Constitutional Court accepting that a habitual residence may be acquired notwithstanding the child having been wrongfully removed to the new State of residence:

Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 BvR 1206/98, 29. Oktober 1998  [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DE 233].

The Constitutional Court upheld the finding of the Higher Regional Court that the children had acquired a habitual residence in France, notwithstanding the nature of their removal there. This was because habitual residence was a factual concept and during their nine months there, the children had become integrated into the local environment.

Israel
Alternative approaches have been adopted when determining the habitual residence of children. On occasion, strong emphasis has been placed on parental intentions. See:

Family Appeal 1026/05 Ploni v. Almonit [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/Il 865];

Family Application 042721/06 G.K. v Y.K. [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/Il 939].

However, reference has been made to a more child centred approach in other cases. See:

decision of the Supreme Court in C.A. 7206/03, Gabai v. Gabai, P.D. 51(2)241;

FamA 130/08 H v H [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/Il 922].

New Zealand
In contrast to the Mozes approach the requirement of a settled intention to abandon an existing habitual residence was specifically rejected by a majority of the New Zealand Court of Appeal. See

S.K. v. K.P. [2005] 3 NZLR 590 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/NZ 816].

Switzerland
A child centred, factual approach is evident in Swiss case law:

5P.367/2005/ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CH 841].

United Kingdom
The standard approach is to consider the settled intention of the child's carers in conjunction with the factual reality of the child's life.

Re J. (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1990] 2 AC 562, [1990] 2 All ER 961, [1990] 2 FLR 450, sub nom C. v. S. (A Minor) (Abduction) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 2]. For academic commentary on the different models of interpretation given to habitual residence. See:

R. Schuz, "Habitual Residence of Children under the Hague Child Abduction Convention: Theory and Practice", Child and Family Law Quarterly Vol 13, No. 1, 2001, p. 1;

R. Schuz, "Policy Considerations in Determining Habitual Residence of a Child and the Relevance of Context", Journal of Transnational Law and Policy Vol. 11, 2001, p. 101.

Time Limited Moves

Where a move abroad is time limited, even if it is for an extended period of time, there has been acceptance in certain Contracting States that the existing habitual residence can be maintained throughout, see:

Denmark
Ø.L.K., 5. April 2002, 16. afdeling, B-409-02 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DK 520];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. (Abduction: Habitual Residence: Consent) [2000] 2 FLR 294; [2000] 3 FCR 412 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 478];

United States of America
Morris v. Morris, 55 F. Supp. 2d 1156 (D. Colo., Aug. 30, 1999) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 306];

Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067 (9th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 301].

However, where a move was to endure for two years the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit found that a change of habitual residence occurred shortly after the move, see:

Whiting v. Krassner 391 F.3d 540 (3rd Cir. 2004) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/US 778].

In an English first instance decision it was held that a child had acquired a habitual residence in Germany after five months even though the family had only moved there for a six month secondment, see:

Re R. (Abduction: Habitual Residence) [2003] EWHC 1968 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 580].

The Court of Appeal of China (Hong Kong SAR) found that a 21 month move led to a change in habitual residence:

B.L.W. v. B.W.L. [2007] 2 HKLRD 193, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 975].