HC/E/UY 1529
Uruguay
Deuxième Instance
Norvège
Uruguay
19 July 2019
Définitif
Déplacement et non-retour - art. 3 et 12 | Consentement - art. 13(1)(a) | Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Opposition de l'enfant au retour - art. 13(2) | Questions procédurales |
Recours rejeté, retour ordonné
Norway’s Act Relating to Children and Parents (Children Act), Section 35, paragraph 2 y Section 40, paragraph 2; UN Convention on the Rights of The Child
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Wrongful retention of two girls when they were 8 and 11 years old – Uruguayan & Swedish – Unmarried parents – Uruguayan father – Uruguayan mother – Joint custody – The girls lived in the Kingdom of Norway until January 2019 – Return proceedings were commenced before Uruguayan courts on 27 May 2019 – Return ordered – Main issues: removal and retention, consent, Art. 13(1)(b) grave risk exception, objections of the child to a return, procedural matters – Retention was wrongful because it violated the father’s actually-exercised right of custody when it took place – There was not sufficient evidence on record proving the father’s consent or acquiescence to the change in the girls’ habitual residence – None of the circumstances alleged by the mother implied a grave risk for the girls if they returned to Norway – The girls’ statements evidenced that their opinions were influenced by their mother – The child support payments fixed in the first instance court judgment were overturned because this issue is outside the scope of application of the HCCH 1996 Child Protection Convention.
The case concerns two girls aged 8 and 11, respectively. The oldest was born in Uruguay in April 2008 and the youngest in Norway in April 2011, but both held a Uruguayan-Swedish double nationality. They lived in Norway with their mother, a Uruguayan national, and their father, a Uruguayan-Swedish national. When the parents split in September 2018, the father moved to a new home, whilst the mother and the girls remained at the family residence.
By the end of January 2019, the father authorised the girls to travel with their mother to Uruguay for a holiday, having to return by the end of February in that same year. However, upon expiration of this term, the mother sent a message to the girls’ school that they would not be returning to Norway. In turn, the father asserted that he learned of this decision via phone call with one of the girls.
On 27 May 2019, the international return proceedings were commenced before court in Uruguay. When answering to the complaint, the mother raised the exceptions of lack of actual exercise of the custody rights, consent to the removal or retention, objections of the child to a return, and grave risk. However, the court of first instance dismissed each of these exceptions and ordered the immediate return of the girls to Norway.
The mother appealed, but the court decision was confirmed by the upper court.
Return ordered.
The Court of Appeal (hereinafter, “the Court”) found that the habitual residence of the girls in Norway was undisputed and that, accordingly, the law of that State was to be applied to ascertain the rightfulness or wrongfulness of the removal. In fact, it was noted that Norwegian legislation establishes that parents who live together have joint responsibility over their children. Moreover, the Court considered the report by the Norwegian Record Office that the parents’ responsibility over their children is based on the acknowledgement of paternity. In this case, it was verified that the father had acknowledged paternity of his daughters on the day they were born and that by those times he lived together with the mother, for which they had shared parental responsibility over the girls. As pointed out by the Court, this situation was not altered by the couples’ later split-up.
In that regard, the Court found that Norwegian law provides that whenever the parents have shared parental responsibility, they should both consent to their child moving or staying abroad for a prolonged term. Therefore, the Court concluded that there had been a wrongful retention given that the girls did not come back to Norway on the agreed-upon date, in violation of the father’s right of custody, which was effectively exercised by both parents at the time of the wrongful retention.
The Court considered that there had been no actual plan to reside in Uruguay. On the contrary, it found that the mother had waited to know whether the girls’ adaptation to the new life in that country took place before deciding to change their place of residence. In the Court’s opinion, this was evidenced by the report issued by the authorities from the school the girls attended in Norway, from which it was evident that the mother had requested the school permission from 23/01/2019 to 22/02/2019 in order for the girls to travel to Uruguay to visit their family. Moreover, the Court agreed with the first instance court that the conversations which the mother alleged to have had with the father on potentially residing with the girls in Uruguay could not be considered as effective knowledge or express or tacit consent on his part.
Lastly, the Court found that the mother had not submitted sufficient evidence to prove the father’s consent before the trip or acquiescence thereafter for the girls to live in Uruguay.
The Court noted that the mother had raised the grave risk exception in due time, but she had not invoked a situation which truly demonstrated that her daughters, upon returning to Norway, would be exposed to a grave physical or psychological risk, or put in a situation that met the threshold of intolerability required by the Convention. In this regard, it noted that the application of this exception is reserved for serious and unsolvable situations that are not avoidable by means of adopting protective measures.
Moreover, when the mother grounded the grave risk exception, she expressed that she had never been apart from her daughters and that they had always been together, in all kinds of daily, educational and recreational activities, etc. The Court held that this only proved that the girls had a whole life in Norway, of which they were deprived through the wrongful retention after their holidays, for an unresolved conflict between their parents.
Also, the Court stated that the argument raised by the mother regarding her joblessness situation in Norway, as well as other allegations of mere convenience made by her, were issues to be decided by the Norwegian Court.
Lastly, the mother also alleged being a victim of gender violence by the father repeatedly. The Court rejected the argument on grounds of tardiness and mainly because there was no evidence on record of gender violence as defined by the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) and CEDAW.
On appeal, the mother argued that the first instance court had not considered the girls’ will to stay in Uruguay and their opposition to returning to Norway, thus abrogating their right to be heard.
In this regard, the Court noted that the main aspect of the best interests of the child implies, at the same time, the right to have their voice taken into account and contributing to the decision by the relevant administrative or judicial authority. However, it was noted that taking the child’s opinion into account does not mean to follow it blindly, since their will is expressed in a whole evidentiary context. As was held by the Court, said context must be considered to verify the consistency and harmony of the opinion and, mainly, the freedom with which the opinion is voiced, which is key.
Accordingly, the Court considered that the girls’ answers during the hearing evinced that their opinions were influenced by the mother. Thus, when they were asked whether they wished to see their father, the youngest said no, “because he is doing all that and I do not like it”, whilst the oldest said “we are also safer with mom because she has taken care of us all our lives and dad did not help her with money or anything”.
The Court overturned the order compelling the father to pay child support in the first instance court’s ruling on its own motion. It added that even if the HCCH 1996 Child Protection Convention, in Art. 11, empowers any court from a Contracting State within the territory of which the child is located to adopt precautionary measures of protection in case of urgency, the Convention itself, in Art. 4 sect. e), expressly excludes child support from its scope of application.
Author: Josefina Ordenavía (INCADAT LATAM team, Director Nieve Rubaja, Assistant Emilia Gortari).