HC/E/CA 757
Canada
Court of Appeal for Ontario (Canada)
Deuxième Instance
États-Unis d'Amérique
Canada
5 May 2003
Définitif
Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Droits de l'homme - art. 20 | Questions liées au retour de l'enfant
Recours accueilli, retour ordonné
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The circumstances in which a court may refuse to order the return of a child under Article 13 are exceptional. The risk of physical or psychological harm or an intolerable situation must be “grave.” The term “intolerable” means an extreme situation that is too severe to be endured. The uncertain immigration status of the mother and child in the United States did not create a grave risk that return would place the child in an intolerable situation. The absence of regularized immigration status did not approach the very high threshold required to fall under Article 13(1)(b). California courts were in a better position to consider concerns about the child’s uncertain immigration status and to determine what was in the best interests of the child.
The judge at first instance did not refer to Article 20, but a second basis for the judge’s decision was that returning the child would be contrary to public policy because of the mother’s uncertain immigration status. The Court of Appeal rejected this reasoning and stated that “courts should be very wary of grafting new public policy exceptions on to the Convention in the face of the very clear public policy represented in the Convention itself.”
In the light of the uncertain immigration status of the mother and the child, the Court of Appeal made the order of return contingent on the child being permitted entry to the United States.
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