AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

Jabbaz v. Mouammar (2003), 226 D.L.R. (4th) 494 (Ont. C.A.)

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/CA 757

Juridiction

Pays

Canada

Nom

Court of Appeal for Ontario (Canada)

Degré

Deuxième Instance

États concernés

État requérant

États-Unis d'Amérique

État requis

Canada

Décision

Date

5 May 2003

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Droits de l'homme - art. 20 | Questions liées au retour de l'enfant

Décision

Recours accueilli, retour ordonné

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

1 2 4 12 13(1)(b)

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

12 13(1)(b)

Autres dispositions

-

Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

Publiée dans

-

INCADAT commentaire

Exceptions au retour

Risque grave de danger
Questions relatives à l'immigration
Sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales
Sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The mother and father, Canadian citizens, lived together in Canada for three years. They had one child, a boy, who was six years old at the time of the Court's decision.

The mother and father separated in 1998. They entered into an agreement for joint custody with primary residence to be with the mother. Under the agreement, the mother was permitted to relocate with the child from Canada to the United States. The mother and the child moved to the United States where they lived with the mother's fiancé for three and a half years.

During the summer of 2002, the mother's relationship with her fiancé ended. The mother and father agreed that the child would live with his father until the mother was resettled. The mother resettled in the United States in October 2002 and then asked the father for the return of the child. The father refused.

In December 2002, the father applied in Canada for custody of the child, and the mother applied for a return order. The judge at first instance ruled that the retention of the child by the father was wrongful and that the mother had not acquiesced in the retention.

However, the judge ruled that returning the child to the United States would place the child in an intolerable situation within the meaning of Article 13(1)(b) and would be contrary to public policy because of the mother's uncertain immigration status in the United States. The mother appealed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario.

Ruling

Appeal allowed and return ordered, provided that the child was permitted to enter the United States. The retention was wrongful and none of the exceptions had been proved to the standard required by the Convention.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The circumstances in which a court may refuse to order the return of a child under Article 13 are exceptional. The risk of physical or psychological harm or an intolerable situation must be “grave.” The term “intolerable” means an extreme situation that is too severe to be endured. The uncertain immigration status of the mother and child in the United States did not create a grave risk that return would place the child in an intolerable situation. The absence of regularized immigration status did not approach the very high threshold required to fall under Article 13(1)(b). California courts were in a better position to consider concerns about the child’s uncertain immigration status and to determine what was in the best interests of the child.

Human Rights - Art. 20

The judge at first instance did not refer to Article 20, but a second basis for the judge’s decision was that returning the child would be contrary to public policy because of the mother’s uncertain immigration status. The Court of Appeal rejected this reasoning and stated that “courts should be very wary of grafting new public policy exceptions on to the Convention in the face of the very clear public policy represented in the Convention itself.”

Issues Relating to Return

In the light of the uncertain immigration status of the mother and the child, the Court of Appeal made the order of return contingent on the child being permitted entry to the United States.

INCADAT comment

Immigration Issues

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.