HC/E/FR 1134
Francia
Tribunal de Apelaciones
Estados Unidos de América
Francia
6 May 2009
Definitiva
Traslado y retención - arts. 3 y 12 | Grave riesgo - art. 13(1)(b) | Cuestiones procesales
Apelación concedida, restitución ordenada
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In disputing that the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention was applicable, the mother claimed that the custody decision from the United States of America was ineligible for exequatur. She added that she had not consented to the United States Court's jurisdiction.
The Court of Appeal dismissed that plea on the grounds both that the possibility of obtaining exequatur of a custody ruling delivered in the State of the child's habitual residence is not a requirement of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention, and that the United States' Court did have jurisdiction in the case, irrespective of any consent by the mother, being the court within the circuit of which the parents and child resided at the time when it ruled.
The Public Prosecutor and father complained that the challenged judgment had considered that it was in the child's best interests to have a continuing relation with her mother and the fact that this would not be possible if the mother could not reside on United States of America territory would result in putting the child in an intolerable situation.
The Court of Appeal stated that the child's indispensable relations with both separated parents were realised through the right of access granted to the parent with whom the child did not reside. In the case, the mother had a right of access (the divorce judgment had in fact approved an agreement drafted by the mother and accepted by the father) and the father had not impeded its exercise. The Court of Appeal deduced that the mother's rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child could not be claimed to have been infringed.
Expenses:
The Court of Appeal held that the mother would bear the costs of the case, but dismissed the father's claim for an amount under Article 26 final paragraph as he had not proved the expenses incurred.
Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini
The Court of Appeal had dismissed in limine an application for joinder of these proceedings with an action challenging a decision issued subsequent to the decision at first instance refusing return and setting the child's habitual residence with her mother in France.
The refusal was justified by the fact that the two actions did not have the same purpose and involve the same parties, and by the effect of Article 16 of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention.The Court, however, ruled on the second action (Roll number 08/03164) on the same day and, taking notice of this decision ordering the child's return to the United States of America, reversed the judgment granting custody of the child to the mother in France.
The treatment of Article 13(1) b) by French courts has evolved, with a permissive approach being replaced by a more robust interpretation.
The judgments of France's highest jurisdiction, the Cour de cassation, from the mid to late 1990s, may be contrasted with more recent decisions of the same court and also with decisions of the court of appeal. See:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 juillet 1994, Rev. Crit. 84 (1995), p. 96 note H. Muir Watt ; JCP 1996 IV 64 note Bosse-Platière, Defrénois 1995, art. 36024, note J. Massip [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 103];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 21 novembre 1995 (Pourvoi N° 93-20140), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 514];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 22 juin 1999, (N° de pourvoi : 98-17902), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 498];
And contrast with:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 25 janvier 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 02-17411), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 708];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 juin 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 04-16942), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 844];
Cass. Civ 1ère 13 juillet 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 05-10519), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 845];
CA. Amiens 4 mars 1998, n°5704759, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];
CA. Grenoble 29 mars 2000 M. c. F., [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 274];
CA. Paris 7 février 2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2001/21768), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 849];
CA. Paris, 20/09/2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2002/13730), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 850];
CA. Aix en Provence 8 octobre 2002, L c. Ministère Public, Mme B. et Mesdemoiselles L. (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];
CA. Paris 27 octobre 2005, 05/15032 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 814];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 décembre 2005 (N° de pourvoi :05-12934) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @889@];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 November 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-15692) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @890@].
Recent examples where Article 13(1) b) has been upheld include:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 Décembre 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-22119) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @891@];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 17 Octobre 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @946@].
The interpretation given by the Cour d'appel de Rouen in 2006, whilst obiter, does recall the more permissive approach to Article 13(1) b) favoured in the early 1990s, see:
CA. Rouen, 9 Mars 2006, N°05/04340 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @897@].
There is a lack of uniformity in English speaking jurisdictions with regard to separate representation for children.
United Kingdom - England & Wales
An early appellate judgment established that in keeping with the summary nature of Convention proceedings, separate representation should only be allowed in exceptional circumstances.
Re M. (A Minor) (Child Abduction) [1994] 1 FLR 390 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 56].
Reaffirmed by:
Re H. (A Child: Child Abduction) [2006] EWCA Civ 1247, [2007] 1 FLR 242 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 881];
Re F. (Abduction: Joinder of Child as Party) [2007] EWCA Civ 393, [2007] 2 FLR 313, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 905].
The exceptional circumstances standard has been established in several cases, see:
Re M. (A Minor) (Abduction: Child's Objections) [1994] 2 FLR 126 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 57];
Re S. (Abduction: Children: Separate Representation) [1997] 1 FLR 486 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 180];
Re H.B. (Abduction: Children's Objections) (No. 2) [1998] 1 FLR 564 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 168];
Re J. (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2004] EWCA CIV 428, [2004] 2 FLR 64 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 579];
Vigreux v. Michel [2006] EWCA Civ 630, [2006] 2 FLR 1180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 829];
Nyachowe v. Fielder [2007] EWCA Civ 1129, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 964].
In Re H. (A Child) [2006] EWCA Civ 1247, [2007] 1 FLR 242, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 881] it was suggested by Thorpe L.J. that the bar had been raised by the Brussels II a Regulation insofar as applications for party status were concerned.
This suggestion was rejected by Baroness Hale in:
Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Foreign Custody Rights) [2006] UKHL 51, [2007] 1 A.C. 619 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880]. Without departing from the exceptional circumstances test, she signalled the need, in the light of the new Community child abduction regime, for a re-appraisal of the way in which the views of abducted children were to be ascertained. In particular she argued for views to be sought at the outset of proceedings to avoid delays.
In Re F. (Abduction: Joinder of Child as Party) [2007] EWCA Civ 393, [2007] 2 FLR 313, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 905] Thorpe L.J. acknowledged that the bar had not been raised in applications for party status. He rejected the suggestion that the bar had been lowered by the House of Lords in Re D.
However, in Re M. (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55, [2008] 1 AC 1288, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 937] Baroness Hale again intervened in the debate and affirmed that a directions judge should evaluate whether separate representation would add enough to the Court's understanding of the issues to justify the resultant intrusion, delay and expense which would follow. This would suggest a more flexible test, however, she also added that children should not be given an exaggerated impression of the relevance and importance of their views and in the general run of cases party status would not be accorded.
Australia
Australia's supreme jurisdiction sought to break from an exceptional circumstances test in De L. v. Director General, New South Wales Department of Community Services and Another, (1996) 20 Fam LR 390 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 93].
However, the test was reinstated by the legislator in the Family Law Amendment Act 2000, see: Family Law Act 1975, s. 68L.
See:
State Central Authority & Quang [2009] FamCA 1038, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1106].
France
Children heard under Art 13(2) can be assisted by a lawyer (art 338-5 NCPC and art 388-1 Code Civil - the latter article specifies however that children so assisted are not conferred the status of a party to the proceedings), see:
Cass Civ 1ère 17 Octobre 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 946];
Cass. Civ 1ère 14/02/2006, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 853].
In Scotland & New Zealand there has been a much greater willingness to allow children separate representation, see for example:
United Kingdom - Scotland
C. v. C. [2008] CSOH 42, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 962];
M. Petitioner 2005 SLT 2 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 804];
W. v. W. 2003 SLT 1253 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 508];
New Zealand
K.S v.L.S [2003] 3 NZLR 837 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 770];
B. v. C., 24 December 2001, High Court at Christchurch (New Zealand) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 532].