HC/E/GR 1344
Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea
Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE)
M. J. L. da Cruz Vilaça (Rapporteur), M. Berger (President of the Chamber), MM. A. Borg Barthet, E. Levits, F. Biltgen (judges)
Italia
Grecia
8 June 2017
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Residencia habitual - art. 3 |
TJUE - Decisión prejudicial dictada, remisión del asunto a los tribunales nacionales
Art. 11(1) del Reglamento Bruselas II bis (Reglamento del Consejo (CE) n° 2201/2003 de 27 de noviembre de 2003)
Mercredi v. Chaffe (C-497/10 PPU) [INCADAT Reference HC/E/1044]; A. (C-253/07) [INCADAT Reference HC/E/1000]
The proceedings concerned a child born to an Italian father and a Greek mother who were married in Italy and were habitually resident there at the start of their marriage. When the mother was 8 months pregnant, the spouses agreed that she would move to Greece to give birth and benefit from the assistance of her family. Following the birth of the child (February 2016), the father returned to Italy. He claimed that he agreed with the mother that she would remain in Greece with the child until May 2016. In June 2016, the mother decided unilaterally to stay in Greece with the child.
In July 2016, the father commenced divorce proceedings in Italy, which included a request to establish rights of custody in his sole favour and contact rights for the mother , and a request for the child to return to Italy. The Italian courts held that they did not have jurisdiction to decide on custody matters, as they determined that the child had been resident since birth in another EU Member State. Subsequently, the father commenced return proceedings in Greece in October 2016.
The Athens Court of First Instance (single judge) (Monomeles Protodikeio Athinon) considered that the physical presence of the child in Greece would be insufficient to determine habitual residence there, noting that the parents’ intention to return should instead be the main factor. It then stayed the proceedings and sought a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of the term “habitual residence” within the meaning of Article 11(1) Brussels IIa Regulation in situations where an infant is born in a State other than where the parents, who exercise joint parental responsibility, had their habitual residence and who has since the birth been unlawfully retained by one of the parents in that State. The Athens Court specifically questioned whether physical presence is a necessary and self-evident prerequisite for establishing habitual residence of an infant.
Preliminary ruling given on the interpretation of habitual residence as an autonomous concept within the Brussels IIa Regulation. The Court concluded that the child’s habitual residence was in Greece and therefore the Court considered that there had not been an unlawful retention by the mother
The Court concluded that, in a situation in which a child is born in and has lived continuously with his mother for many months, in line with the parents’ intentions, in a State other than the one where the parents previously had their habitual residence, the parents’ initial intention of returning does not mean that the child has habitual residence in the latter State.
In addition to reiterating that “habitual residence” must be established based on all the circumstances specific to the case, taking into account physical presence and other factors, particularly the child’s social and family environment, the Court gave four reasons in coming to the above conclusion. Firstly, it stated that habitual residence is a question of fact. Secondly, the Court noted that the determination of habitual residence precedes the identification of custody rights and breaches thereof. Thirdly, the Court considered that having parental intention as the main factor to determine habitual residence would be detrimental to the effectiveness and expeditiousness of return proceedings. Fourthly, the Court stated that this would also be contrary to the aim of the Hague Convention to restore the status quo ante. Finally, the Court found that, in the case at hand, the child’s best interests would not require a determination of habitual residence based upon the parents’ intentions
Author of summary: Charlotte Mol
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