CASO

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Nombre del caso

Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/AU 278

Tribunal

País

Australia

Nombre

Family Court of Australia at Brisbane

Instancia

Primera Instancia

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Estados Unidos de América

Estado requerido

Australia

Fallo

Fecha

13 July 1999

Estado

Definitiva

Fundamentos

Derechos de visita - art. 21

Fallo

-

Artículo(s) del Convenio considerados

1 4 Preámbulo 5 7 21

Artículo(s) del Convenio invocados en la decisión

5 21

Otras disposiciones

-

Jurisprudencia | Casos referidos

-

INCADAT comentario

Derecho de visita/contacto

Protección de los derechos de visita
Protección de los Derechos de Visita

SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child, a boy, was 5 when he moved with his father to Australia in the late Spring of 1998. Prior to that he had lived in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Following the death of his mother, the father was the child's sole custodian. However, the maternal grandmother had been significantly involved in the care of the child prior to and subsequent to the mother's death.

In January and February 1998 communication between the maternal grandmother and the father deteriorated. The grandmother instituted proceedings for visitation in the Arizona Superior Court. On 12 May 1998, following a contested hearing, the court ordered that the grandmother have immediate and on-going contact with the child, including contact in the United States in the event that the father move outside of the United States. It was also ordered that if the contact were to take place abroad the father would pay 80% of the costs of visitation.

On 15 May 1998, following the first period of court ordered contact, the child was returned to the father. The father subsequently took the child to Australia without informing the maternal grandmother. In June 1998 the father contacted the maternal grandmother and indicated that the child would not be able to return to the United States for the next scheduled period of contact.

On 25 September 1998 the maternal grandmother applied for assistance under the Convention. On 13 May 1999 the Australian Central Authority filed an application seeking orders to ensure the effective exercise of the rights of access bestowed upon the maternal grandmother by the order of the Superior Court of Arizona.

Ruling

Access ordered; the maternal grandmother possessed rights of access pursuant to the order of the Superior Court of Arizona and those rights had been breached by the father's actions.

Grounds

Rights of Access - Art. 21

Under Regulation 25(4) of the Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations, which implements the Hague Convention into Australian Law, the Australian courts may, where an application is made to secure the effective exercise of rights of access, make any order in relation to rights of access to a child that the court considers appropriate to give effect to the Convention. The Family Court held that in applying this regulation the principle of the paramountcy of the best interests of the child did not apply. It further noted, referring to the earlier case of Police Commissioner of South Australia v. Castell, that the Regulation only applied to access rights already in existence. The court noted that the applicant grandmother had such rights, that those rights had been breached and that the relevant child was habitually resident in a Contracting State at the time of the breach of those rights. Having established that the Regulation was prima facie applicable, the court stated that it had a discretion to decide what was the appropriate order to make in the circumstances. The trial judge stated that regard should be had to the purpose and intention of the Convention, practical issues, the welfare of the child, together with the recency and circumstances surrounding the Arizona court order. The Family Court granted the grandmother's application but made some amendments to the Arizona court order.

INCADAT comment

Protection of Rights of Access

Article 21 has been subjected to varying interpretations.  Contracting States favouring a literal interpretation have ruled that the provision does not establish a basis of jurisdiction for courts to intervene in access matters and is focussed on procedural assistance from the relevant Central Authority.  Other Contracting States have allowed proceedings to be brought on the basis of Article 21 to give effect to existing access rights or even to create new access rights.

A literal interpretation of the provision has found favour in:

Austria
S. v. S., 25 May 1998, transcript (official translation), Regional civil court at Graz, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 245];

Germany
2 UF 286/97, Oberlandesgericht Bamberg, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 488];

United States of America
Bromley v. Bromley, 30 F. Supp. 2d 857, 860-61 (E.D. Pa. 1998). [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 223];

Teijeiro Fernandez v. Yeager, 121 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (W.D. Mich. 2000);

Janzik v. Schand, 22 November 2000, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 463];

Wiggill v. Janicki, 262 F. Supp. 2d 687, 689 (S.D.W. Va. 2003);

Yi Ly v. Heu, 296 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1011 (D. Minn. 2003);

In re Application of Adams ex. rel. Naik v. Naik, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1030 (N.D. Ill. 2005);

Wiezel v. Wiezel-Tyrnauer, 388 F. Supp. 2d 206 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 828];

Cantor v. Cohen, 442 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2006), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 827]. 

In Cantor, the only US appellate decision on Article 21, there was a dissenting judgment which found that the US implementing act did provide a jurisdictional basis for federal courts to hear an application with regard to an existing access right.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
In Re G. (A Minor) (Enforcement of Access Abroad) [1993] Fam 216 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 110].

More recently however the English Court of Appeal has suggested that it might be prepared to consider a more permissive interpretation:

Hunter v. Murrow [2005] [2005] 2 F.L.R. 1119, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 809].

Baroness Hale has recommended the elaboration of a procedure whereby the facilitation of rights of access in the United Kingdom under Article 21 could be contemplated at the same time as the return of the child under Article 12:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51[INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880].

Switzerland
Arrondissement judiciaire I Courterlary-Moutier-La Neuveville (Suisse) 11 October 1999, N° C 99 4313 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 454].                        

A more permissive interpretation of Article 21 has indeed been adopted elsewhere, see:

United Kingdom - Scotland
Donofrio v. Burrell, 2000 S.L.T. 1051 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 349].

Wider still is the interpretation adopted in New Zealand, see:

Gumbrell v. Jones [2001] NZFLR 593 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 446].

Australia
The position in Australia has evolved in the light of statutory reforms.

Initially a State Central Authority could only apply for an order that was ‘necessary or appropriate to organise or secure the effective exercise of rights of access to a child in Australia', see:

Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 278].

Subsequently it acquired the power to initiate proceedings to establish access rights:

State Central Authority & Peddar [2008] FamCA 519, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1107];

State Central Authority & Quang [2009] FamCA 1038, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1106].