AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

O.B-H v Sh.B-H, RFamA 741/11

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/IL 1183

Juridiction

Pays

Israël

Degré

Instance Suprême

États concernés

État requérant

États-Unis d'Amérique

État requis

Israël

Décision

Date

17 May 2011

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Consentement - art. 13(1)(a) | Acquiescement - art. 13(1)(a)

Décision

Recours accueilli, retour refusé

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

12 13(1)(a) 13(1)(b)

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

12 13(1)(a)

Autres dispositions

-

Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

INCADAT commentaire

Exceptions au retour

Consentement
Établissement du consentement
Acquiescement
Acquiescement

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | ES

Facts

The proceedings related to a child born in 2009 to an Israeli couple, who had married in 2008 and had lived together in the United States of America (New Jersey) from 2006. Relations between the couple deteriorated. In March 2010, during a family visit to Israel, the mother initiated divorce proceedings in the Rabbinical Court. This included an application for custody and child support. At the mother's request, the Rabbinical Court issued a "stop order", forbidding the father from leaving Israel.

With the help of a mutual friend, the parties drafted a divorce agreement which, inter alia, provided that the mother would apply to have the "stop order" lifted, and the father would pay maintenance to the child and the mother, who would remain in Israel. Ultimately, the agreement was not signed because the mother was not satisfied with the property division provisions. However, she did agree to the lifting of the "stop order".

The father returned to the United States of America and sent a letter to the mother stating that he expected the child to be returned on the date originally planned, 26 June 2010.

When the child was not returned, the father commenced return proceedings in the Israeli Family Court. The Court ordered the return of the child subject to the father providing accommodation and financial support for the child and mother. The Court rejected the mother's claims that the father had consented to the child staying in Israel, since the negotiations had not crystallized into a binding agreement.

Similarly, the Court rejected the mother's claim that return of the child would cause her harm due of the mother's lack of immigration status there. The District Court, by a majority, dismissed the mother's appeal. The mother appealed to the Supreme Court.

Ruling

Appeal allowed and return refused; by a 2:1 majority the Court found that Article 13(1)(a) of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention had been activated, one judge found that this was on the basis of consent, the other as a result of acquiescence.

Grounds

Consent - Art. 13(1)(a)


See Acquiescence.

Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a)


Justice Arbel found that although not signed, the draft agreement evidenced the father's consent that the child could stay in Israel. He further noted that the mother's consent to the lifting of the "stop order", showed she was relying on the father's agreement that the child could remain in Israel.

Justice Arbel held that the law relating to civil contracts could not be applied in its entirety to agreements dealing with family law matters. He rejected the argument that the case would deter parties from negotiating for fear that concessions might be treated as consent. This was because the present case hinged on special circumstances, in particular the partial performance of the draft agreement.

The Court exercised its discretion to refuse the child's return because it was found to be in the best interests of the child to remain in Israel with her mother, who had been her primary caretaker all of her life. The Court also took into account evidence that the parents had viewed their stay in the United States of America as temporary, and had intended to return to live in Israel.

Justice Melzer agreed with the result of Justice Arbel's decision but justified his conclusion on the fact that the father's return alone to the United States of America evidenced his acquiescence in the child remaining in Israel.

Author of the summary: Prof. Rhona Schuz, Israel

INCADAT comment

The father's request for a further appeal (allowed in exceptional cases) was rejected by the Supreme Court because the decision was based on the special facts of the case and did not involve any change to pre-existing case law, or give rise to legal issues of wider importance.

Similarly, the fact the majority had based its decision to refuse return on different grounds, was not a basis for reviewing the decision. The Supreme Court did not accept the Israeli Central Authority's view that the decision should be reviewed because of the lack of clarity it introduced into the law and because of its impact on negotiations between parents.

The father subsequently applied to the Superior Court of New Jersey for custody and an order requiring the mother to return the child to the United States of America.

The Superior Court of New Jersey (B v. B, Docket No. FD 02-906-11, 25 August 2011) granted the application. The Superior Court expressed the view that the situation in which the negotiations had taken place between the parties had been laden with duress and that reliance on an unexecuted agreement could not amount to consent. Thus, comity would not be afforded to the decision of the Israeli Court.

Establishing Consent

Different standards have been applied when it comes to establishing the Article 13(1) a) exception based on consent.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
In an early first instance decision it was held that ordinarily the clear and compelling evidence which was necessary would need to be in writing or at least evidenced by documentary material, see:

Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37].

This strict view has not been repeated in later first instance English cases, see:

Re C. (Abduction: Consent) [1996] 1 FLR 414 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 53];

Re K. (Abduction: Consent) [1997] 2 FLR 212 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 55].

In Re K. it was held that while consent must be real, positive and unequivocal, there could be circumstances in which a court could be satisfied that consent had been given, even though not in writing.  Moreover, there could also be cases where consent could be inferred from conduct.

Germany
21 UF 70/01, Oberlandesgericht Köln, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 491].

Convincing evidence is required to establish consent.

Ireland
R. v. R. [2006] IESC 7; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 817].

The Re K. approach was specifically endorsed by the Irish Supreme Court.

The Netherlands
De Directie Preventie, optredend voor haarzelf en namens F. (vader/father) en H. (de moeder/mother) (14 juli 2000, ELRO-nummer: AA6532, Zaaknr.R99/167HR); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NL 318].

Consent need not be for a permanent stay.  The only issue is that there must be consent and that it has been proved convincingly.

South Africa
Central Authority v. H. 2008 (1) SA 49 (SCA) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 900].

Consent could be express or tacit.

Switzerland
5P.367/2005 /ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 841];

5P.380/2006 /blb; Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile),[INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 895];

5P.1999/2006 /blb, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung ) (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 896];

The Swiss Supreme Court has held that with regard to consent and acquiescence, the left behind parent must clearly agree, explicitly or tacitly, to a durable change in the residence of the child.  To this end the burden is on the abducting parent to show factual evidence which would lead to such a belief being plausible.

United States of America
Baxter v. Baxter, 423 F.3d 363 (3rd Cir. 2005) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 808].

There must be a subjective assessment of what the applicant parent was actually contemplating. Consideration must also be given to the nature and scope of the consent.

Acquiescence

There has been general acceptance that where the exception of acquiescence is concerned regard must be paid in the first instance to the subjective intentions of the left behind parent, see:

Australia
Commissioner, Western Australia Police v. Dormann, JP (1997) FLC 92-766 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 213];

Barry Eldon Matthews (Commissioner, Western Australia Police Service) v. Ziba Sabaghian PT 1767 of 2001 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 345];

Austria
5Ob17/08y, Oberster Gerichtshof, (Austrian Supreme Court) 1/4/2008 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 981].

Considering the issue for the first time, Austria's supreme court held that acquiescence in a temporary state of affairs would not suffice for the purposes of Article 13(1) a), rather there had to be acquiescence in a durable change in habitual residence.

Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];

Canada
Ibrahim v. Girgis, 2008 ONCA 23, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 851];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

In this case the House of Lords affirmed that acquiescence was not to be found in passing remarks or letters written by a parent who has recently suffered the trauma of the removal of his children.

Ireland
K. v. K., 6 May 1998, transcript, Supreme Court of Ireland [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

Israel
Dagan v. Dagan 53 P.D (3) 254 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 807];

New Zealand
P. v. P., 13 March 2002, Family Court at Greymouth (New Zealand), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 533];

United Kingdom - Scotland
M.M. v. A.M.R. or M. 2003 SCLR 71, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 500];

South Africa
Smith v. Smith 2001 (3) SA 845 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 499];

Switzerland
5P.367/2005 /ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 841].

In keeping with this approach there has also been a reluctance to find acquiescence where the applicant parent has sought initially to secure the voluntary return of the child or a reconciliation with the abducting parent, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

P. v. P. (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] 2 FLR 835, [INCADAT cite:  HC/E/UKe 179];

Ireland
R.K. v. J.K. (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [2000] 2 IR 416, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

United States of America
Wanninger v. Wanninger, 850 F. Supp. 78 (D. Mass. 1994), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 84];

In the Australian case Townsend & Director-General, Department of Families, Youth and Community (1999) 24 Fam LR 495, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 290] negotiation over the course of 12 months was taken to amount to acquiescence but, notably, in the court's exercise of its discretion it decided to make a return order.