AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

Janine Claire Genish-Grant and Director-General Department of Community Services [2002] FamCA 346, (2002) FLC 93-111; 29 Fam LR 51

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/AU 458

Juridiction

Pays

Australie

Nom

Full Court of the Family Court of Australia (juge aux affaires familiales de Sydney) (Australie)

Degré

Deuxième Instance

États concernés

État requérant

Israël

État requis

Australie

Décision

Date

27 May 2002

Statut

Inconnu

Motifs

Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b)

Décision

Recours accueilli, retour refusé

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

-

Autres dispositions
Regulation 16(3) of the Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations (reflecting art. 13)
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

INCADAT commentaire

Exceptions au retour

Risque grave de danger
Jurisprudence australienne et néo-zélandaise
Risques inhérents à l'État de la résidence habituelle de l'enfant

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The parties lived at various places in Australia from 1990 until March/April 1995 when they went to live in Israel. The mother returned to Australia with the children in December 2000 with the agreement of the father that she could remain in Australia for a period of 3 months. Prior to leaving Israel the mother had lied to the father when she promised that she would return the children.

An application was filed on behalf of the Central Authority of the Commonwealth of Australia on 10 August 2001. The matter was heard at first instance in November 2001.

On 10 December 2001 O'Ryan J delivered his reasons for judgment and made inter alia the following order: "That the Central Authority make such arrangements as are necessary to ensure the return of the children, S, born on 29 June 1993 and H, born on 22 May 1997 to Israel." The mother appealed.

Ruling

PER FINN AND BARLOW JJ: Appeal allowed and return refused; the court found a grave risk of physical harm to the child on return.

PER HOLDEN J (DISSENTING): No clear and compelling evidence of a grave risk of exposure to future harm had been demonstrated. The Appeal should be dismissed and the child returned to Israel.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The majority found that there was a grave risk of physical harm to the children resulting from the return of the children to Israel based on a Travel Advisory notice issued by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) dated 3 April 2002. The DFAT advice read (with emphasis added by their Honours): "Australians should defer all travel to Israel. Australians should not travel to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Australians already in Israel should carefully consider their need to be in the country at this time, taking into account the security situation and their personal circumstances. Australians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip should leave where it is possible and safe to do so. Australians in closed military zones should not attempt to leave until advised by local authorities that it is safe to do so. The deterioration in the security situation has included a high number of terrorist attacks in recent days against civilian targets in Netanya, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa. All population centres in Israel are at very high risk of terrorist attack at the present time. Targets in the past have typically been areas where large numbers of people gather, including hotels, pedestrian promenades, street shopping malls, restaurants, cafes and other places of entertainment and buses and bus stations. The situation on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is extremely dangerous. The Israeli Defence Force (IDF) have entered a number of Palestinian towns, including Ramallah, Bethlehem, Qalkilya and Tulkarem and declared general curfews. Travel outside of residences in these areas is extremely unsafe. Regular exchanges of live fire are taking place. House to house searches are also being undertaken by the IDF. Further IDF incursions into the West Bank and possibly the Gaza Strip should be expected." Their Honours expressly mentioned the danger involved in landing in an international airport and being transported from there to the father’s residence (even though there was no evidence of the magnitude of such risk). They also took into account that the father’s residence was a hotel and restaurant complex, which was one of the high-risk areas according to the notice. They acknowledged that area where the father resided, Amirim, was some distance, relatively speaking, from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Holden J in dissent noted that according to the evidence there had not been a terrorist attack in the Amirim area in the last 25 years. His Honour took the view that caution ought to be exercised in placing undue reliance upon the DFAT warning. It contained no advice that residents of Israel ought not return home. His Honour found that a warning directed at casual travellers did not amount to clear and compelling evidence of a grave risk of exposure to harm.

INCADAT comment

The majority of recent cases courts have seen the return of children to Israel, with a finding that the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) had not been met, see:

(England) Re S. (Minors) (Abduction: Wrongful Retention) [1994] Fam 70, [1994] 1 FLR 82, [1994] Fam Law 70; Re S (A Child) (Abduction: Grave Risk of Harm) [2002] 3 FCR 43, [2002] EWCA Civ 908 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 469];
(Germany) Watkins v. Watkins (25 January 2001), transcript, District Court of Zweibruecken, Doc no. 1 F 3709/00 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DE 392];
(United States) Freier v. Freier, 969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 133]; Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886 (8th Cir. 2003) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/US 530];
(Argentina) A. v. A., 5 October 2001, Buenos Aires, Argentina; W., 25 January 2001 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AR 487];
(Canada) Docket No 1 F 3709/00; C., 4 December 2001, Superior Court of Justice, Ontario, Court File No 01-FA-10575;
(Denmark) V.L.K., 11. januar 2002, 13. afdeling, B-2939-01, Vestre Landsret; High Court, Western Division (Denmark) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DK 519];
(France) N° de rôle 02/14917; L v Ministère Public, Mme B et Mesdemoiselles L [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 509]; Case U., Le Figaro, 26 May 1993.

See also E. Freedman, "International Terrorism and the Grave Physical Risk Defence of the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction" [2002] International Family Law 60.

Australian and New Zealand Case Law

Australia
In Australia a very strict approach was adopted initially with regard to Article 13(1) b), see:

Director-General Department of Families, Youth and Community Care and Hobbs, 24 September 1999, Family Court of Australia (Brisbane) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU @294@];

Director General of the Department of Family and Community Services v. Davis (1990) FLC 92-182 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU @293@].

However, following the judgment of the High Court in the joint appeals:

D.P. v. Commonwealth Central Authority; J.L.M. v. Director-General, New South Wales Department of Community Services (2001) 206 CLR 401; (2001) FLC 93-081), [INCADAT cite HC/E/AU @346@, @347@], where a literal interpretation of the exception was advocated, greater attention has now been focused on the risk to the child and the post return situation. 

In the context of a primary carer abducting parent refusing to return to the child's State of habitual residence, see:

Director General, Department of Families v. R.S.P. [2003] FamCA 623, [INCADAT cite HC/E/AU @544@].

With regard to a child facing a grave risk of psychological harm see:

J.M.B. and Ors & Secretary, Attorney-General's Department [2006] FamCA 59, [INCADAT cite HC/E/AU 871].

For recent examples of cases where the grave risk of harm exception was rejected see:

H.Z. v. State Central Authority [2006] FamCA 466, [INCADAT cite HC/E/AU 876];

State Central Authority v. Keenan [2004] FamCA 724, [INCADAT cite HC/E/AU @782@].

New Zealand
Appellate authority initially indicated that the change in emphasis adopted in Australia with regard to Article 13(1) b) would be followed in New Zealand also, see:

El Sayed v. Secretary for Justice, [2003] 1 NZLR 349, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 495].

However, in the more recent decision: K.S. v. L.S. [2003] 3 NZLR 837 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 770] the High Court of New Zealand (Auckland) has affirmed, albeit obiter, that the binding interpretation in New Zealand remained the strict interpretation given by the Court of Appeal in:

Anderson v. Central Authority for New Zealand [1996] 2 NZLR 517 (CA), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 90].

Risks associated with the child's State of habitual residence

Article 13(1)(b) has on occasion been raised not with regard to a specific risk directed at the individual child, but as the result of general circumstances prevailing in the State of habitual residence.

In the well-known US appellate case of Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 82], it was held, inter alia, that a grave risk could only exist when the return would put the child in imminent danger prior to the resolution of a custody dispute, e.g. by returning the child to a war zone or famine area.

This argument has been raised most frequently with regard to Israel.

Return to Israel

Courts have been divided over whether a return to Israel would expose a child to a grave risk of harm, but a clear majority has taken the view that it would not, see:

Argentina
A. v. A. [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AR 487]

Australia
Kilah & Director-General, Department of Community Services [2008] FamCAFC 81 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AU 995]

Belgium
No 03/3585/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/BE 547]

Canada
Docket No 1 F 3709/00; C., 4 December 2001, Superior Court of Justice, Ontario, Court File No 01-FA-10575

Denmark
V.L.K., 11. januar 2002, 13. afdeling, B-2939-01 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DK 519]

United Kingdom - England and Wales
Re S. (A Child) (Abduction: Grave Risk of Harm) [2002] 3 FCR 43, [2002] EWCA Civ 908 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 469]

France
CA Aix en Provence, 8 octobre 2002, No de RG 02/14917 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 509]

Germany
1 F 3709/00, Familiengericht Zweibrücken, 25 January 2001 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DE 392]

United States of America
Freier v. Freier, 969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 133]

However, the argument has been upheld on several occasions:

Australia
Janine Claire Genish-Grant and Director-General Department of Community Services [2002] FamCA 346 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AU 458]

United States of America
Silverman v. Silverman, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8313 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 481] (see however: Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886 (8th Cir. 2003) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/US 530])  

Return to Zimbabwe

The highest jurisdiction in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords, rejected in 2008 a submission that the moral and political climate in Zimbabwe was such that any child would be at grave risk of psychological harm, or should not be expected to tolerate having to live there.

Re M. (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55 [2008] 1 AC 1288 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 937]

Return to Mexico

CA Rennes, 28 juin 2011, No de RG 11/02685 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 1129]

The mother mentioned the pollution of Mexico City, the insecurity due to crime in the Mexico City metropolis, and earthquake risks. She did not, however, show how these risks affected the children personally and directly. She had not mentioned those factors as justification for her decision to move to France, in a document sent to the father in 2010, but had referred to financial and family difficulties. In addition, the Court of Appeal noted that these factors had not deterred her from living in Mexico from 1998 to 2010 and raising two children there. It further noted that the mother had not seen fit to apply to the Mexican authorities for permission to move to France with the children, without explaining the reasons which in her view could jeopardise her right to a fair trial in Mexico.

The Court of Appeal made it clear that it did not affirm that the pleas raised by the mother were groundless. They might be used in connection with the issue of custody, but were not a sufficient proof of a grave risk.

(Author: Peter McEleavy, April 2013)