AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

Re S. (Children) (Abduction: Asylum Appeal) [2002] EWCA Civ 843

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/UKe 590

Juridiction

Pays

Royaume-Uni - Angleterre et Pays de Galles

Nom

Court of Appeal (Angleterre et Pays de Galles)

Degré

Deuxième Instance

États concernés

État requérant

Inde

État requis

Royaume-Uni - Angleterre et Pays de Galles

Décision

Date

28 May 2002

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Questions ne relevant pas de la Convention

Décision

Recours accueilli, retour ordonné

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

-

Autres dispositions
Children Act 1989
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

INCADAT commentaire

Relation avec d’autres instruments internationaux et régionaux et avec le droit interne

Affaires d’enlèvement d’enfants ne relevant de la Convention de La Haye – droit interne
Problèmes de fond

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The application related to two boys who were born and lived in India to Indian parents. In June 2001 the mother took the boys to England for a two month vacation; they stayed with the paternal grandparents. In July the mother took the boys from the grandparents' home.

On 2 October the mother applied for asylum with the boys being named on the claim as her dependents. It was her case that she was the victim of domestic violence and marital rape. On 5 October the father issued non-Convention return proceedings.

On 9 January 2002 the mother's asylum claim was refused. On 10 January mother and children were given exceptional leave to stay in the UK for 4 years. On 15 January the mother issued an appeal against the refusal of the asylum claim.

On 26 April the Family Division of the High Court ordered the return of the boys to India. The trial judge found that the mother's asylum claim and subsequent appeal suggested a design to defeat the prompt return of the children to India. The mother appealed.

Ruling

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; it was in the children's best interests to return and this was not prevented by UK immigration rules applicable to asylum applicants.

Grounds

Non-Convention Issues

It was the mother’s case that s. 15 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 prohibited the removal of the boys to India as provided for in the High Court order. The provision provides: '(1) During the period beginning when a person makes a claim for asylum and ending when the Secretary of State gives him notice of the decision on the claim, he may not be removed from, or required to leave, the United Kingdom. (2) Subsection (1) does not prevent-(a) directions for his removal being given during that period; (b) a deportation order being made against him during that period.' It was argued for the father that s 15 only bound the executive; namely the immigration authorities acting under the Secretary of State for the Home Department. This was accepted by the Court of Appeal which stated that the provision did not create a substantial exception or any exception to the obligations arising under art 12 of the Hague Convention or was it intended to circumscribe the duty and discretion of a judge exercising the wardship jurisdiction. It was noted that s 15 gave effect domestic effect in the UK to Article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951. The Court held however that s 15 did not have as wide a scope as the Convention article. The Court acknowledged that there was a potential question as to the extent to which a family court faced with an abduction case should be obliged to take account or comply with Article 33 as a freestanding instrument. The Court did not give a definite answer but stated it was likely a family judge would at the least pay very careful attention to any credible suggestion that a child might be persecuted if he were returned to his country of origin or habitual residence before making any order that such a return should be effected. The Court of Appeal further noted that in any event on the facts the mother could not avail of s 15 since she had been notified of the Secretary of State’s decision.

INCADAT comment

Policy Issues

When a parent seeks the return of a child outside the scope of the Hague Convention, or another international or regional instrument, the court seised will have to decide how to balance the interests of the child with the general international policy of combating the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad (Art. 11(1) UNCRC 1990).

Canada
Shortridge-Tsuchiya v. Tsuchiya, 2009 BCSC 541, [2009] B.C.W.L.D. 4138, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 1109].

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Appellate courts have struggled to agree on the appropriate balance to be struck.

An internationalist interpretation, favouring an approach mirrored on that of Hague Convention, was adopted by the Court of Appeal in:

Re E. (Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1999] 2 FLR 642 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 589];

Re J. (Child Returned Abroad: Human Rights) [2004] EWCA Civ. 417, [2004] 2 FLR 85 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 586].

However, in the earlier case Re J.A. (Child Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1998] 1 FLR 231 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 588] a return order was not made, there being concerns as to whether the legal system in the foreign jurisdiction would be able to act in the best interests of the child. A factor in that case was that the abducting mother, who was British, would not be entitled to relocate from the child's State of habitual residence unless she had the consent of the father.

In Re J. (A Child) (Return to Foreign Jurisdiction: Convention Rights), [2005] UKHL 40, [2006] 1 AC 80, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 801] the House of Lords expressly stated that the approach of the Court of Appeal in Re J.A. (Child Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1998] 1 FLR 231 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 588] was the one to be preferred.

The House of Lords held that the rationale of the Hague Convention necessarily meant that the State of refuge might on occasion have to do something which was not in the best interests of the individual child involved. States parties had accepted this disadvantage to some individual children for the sake of the greater advantage to children in general.  However, there was no warrant, either in statute or authority, for the principles of the Hague Convention to be extended to countries which were not parties to it. In a non-Convention case the court must act in accordance with the welfare of the individual child. Whilst there was no ‘strong presumption' in favour of return on the facts of an individual case a summary return may very well be in the best interests of the individual child.

It may be noted that in Re F. (Children) (Abduction: Removal Outside Jurisdiction) [2008] EWCA Civ. 854, [2008] 2 F.L.R. 1649 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 982] a trial judge who felt compelled to discharge his original order for return in the light, inter alia, of the ruling in Re M. had his judgment overturned. The Court of Appeal did not, however, comment on the ruling of the House of Lords and the case ostensibly turned on the existence of new evidence, pointing to the inevitability of the mother's deportation.

In E.M. (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64, [2009] 1 A.C. 1198 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 994] an immigration case centred around the wrongful removal of a child from a non-Convention country, the House of Lords ruled that a return would lead to a violation of the child's and his mother's right to family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, it must be noted that on the facts the child's only ‘family life' was with the mother, the father having had no contact with the child since the day of his birth. A majority of the panel (4:1) held that the discriminatory nature of Lebanese family law, which would have led to the automatic transfer of care for the child being passed from mother to father, upon the child reaching his 7th birthday, would not have led to a breach of the ECHR.