HC/E/CA 1096
CANADA
Cour d'appel de Montréal
Appellate Court
UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES
CANADA
21 October 2009
Final
Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Consent - Art. 13(1)(a) | Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a)
Appeal dismissed, return ordered
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The Court observed that the trial judge had considered the child as still having his habitual residence in England at the time of the retention. The mother did not dispute this point.
According to the mother, the judge should not have decided that the father had custody of the child. The Court of Appeal noted, however, that the mother had herself admitted that fact at the trial.
Explaining that the rights of the child's custody were governed by English law as the law of its habitual residence, the Court of Appeal stated that "the parties could have adduced evidence of the English law in a more comprehensive manner than by simply filing a copy of the [English] Children Act", and in particular by obtaining an opinion or even testimony of an expert in English family law.
It added that the Act respecting International and Interprovincial Child Abduction also allowed the judge to take foreign law into account directly, "without recourse to the specific procedures for the proof [...] otherwise applicable", and the judge might even demand that the plaintiff "produce a decision or attestation from the authorities" of the State of the child's habitual residence.
In the case in point, having regard to the mother's admissions, none of that was done. However, the Court pointed out that the mother's admission did seem "consistent with reality": the child lived alone with his father since 2006; the father took daily and permanent care of him and could determine the location of the child's residence (one of the features of the rights of custody).
The Court added that it was not astonishing that the trial judge had considered that the father actually exercised his rights of custody since he had lived alone with the child "for over 18 months".
See under "Acquiescence" below.
The mother claimed that the father had consented to or acquiesced in the child's retention. The Court pointed out that the burden of proof was borne by the party claiming the exception, the mother in this case. She criticized the appraisal of the father's credibility and the weight afforded by the judge to the evidence provided.
The Court pointed out that this criticism was connected with the "assessment of the evidence", "an area where the trial judge enjoys a special position compared with the appeal judges, the former having the advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses".
This advantage was "particularly pronounced" in this case since the issue was determination of the parents' intentions to the child and the evidence provided in this respect was inconsistent. The mother had not convinced the Court of Appeal that "a palpable and overriding error was made that [justified] its intervention".
The Court noted that the parents' versions differed to such an extent that the trial judge had been unable to determine which of the father and mother "was telling the truth about his or her intentions at the time the child was removed to Canada and thereafter".
The mother did not assert any error in law in the manner of the judge's interpretation of the exception of consent / acquiescence. As the trial judge had held that she had not provided her proof, she merely applied to the Court of Appeal to review the evidence and find that there had been consent and acquiescence.
This was an issue of fact, however, which the trial judge, after weighing all the evidence, had found himself "unable to determine". There were accordingly no grounds for intervention.
Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini, United Kingdom
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.
Different standards have been applied when it comes to establishing the Article 13(1) a) exception based on consent.
United Kingdom - England & Wales
In an early first instance decision it was held that ordinarily the clear and compelling evidence which was necessary would need to be in writing or at least evidenced by documentary material, see:
Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37].
This strict view has not been repeated in later first instance English cases, see:
Re C. (Abduction: Consent) [1996] 1 FLR 414 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 53];
Re K. (Abduction: Consent) [1997] 2 FLR 212 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 55].
In Re K. it was held that while consent must be real, positive and unequivocal, there could be circumstances in which a court could be satisfied that consent had been given, even though not in writing. Moreover, there could also be cases where consent could be inferred from conduct.
Germany
21 UF 70/01, Oberlandesgericht Köln, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 491].
Convincing evidence is required to establish consent.
Ireland
R. v. R. [2006] IESC 7; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 817].
The Re K. approach was specifically endorsed by the Irish Supreme Court.
The Netherlands
De Directie Preventie, optredend voor haarzelf en namens F. (vader/father) en H. (de moeder/mother) (14 juli 2000, ELRO-nummer: AA6532, Zaaknr.R99/167HR); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NL 318].
Consent need not be for a permanent stay. The only issue is that there must be consent and that it has been proved convincingly.
South Africa
Central Authority v. H. 2008 (1) SA 49 (SCA) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 900].
Consent could be express or tacit.
Switzerland
5P.367/2005 /ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 841];
5P.380/2006 /blb; Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile),[INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 895];
5P.1999/2006 /blb, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung ) (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 896];
The Swiss Supreme Court has held that with regard to consent and acquiescence, the left behind parent must clearly agree, explicitly or tacitly, to a durable change in the residence of the child. To this end the burden is on the abducting parent to show factual evidence which would lead to such a belief being plausible.
United States of America
Baxter v. Baxter, 423 F.3d 363 (3rd Cir. 2005) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 808].
There must be a subjective assessment of what the applicant parent was actually contemplating. Consideration must also be given to the nature and scope of the consent.
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.