CASE

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Case Name

Director General of the Department of Community Services v. N., 19 August 1994, transcript, Family Court of Australia (Sydney)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/AU 231

Court

Country

AUSTRALIA

Name

Family Court of Australia at Sydney

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Ellis J.

States involved

Requesting State

GREECE

Requested State

AUSTRALIA

Decision

Date

19 August 1994

Status

Final

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(1)(a) 13(1)(b) 13(2)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(1)(b) 13(2)

Other provisions

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Authorities | Cases referred to
Baxley and The Commissioner of Western Australian Police (unreported), 12 April 1994, Full Family Court of the Family Court of Australia (Perth); Z.P. v. P.S. (1994) 17 Fam. LR 600; Barrios and Sanchez (1989) 13 Fam. LR 477; Director General of the Department of Family and Community Services v. Davis (1990) FLC 92-182; Murray v. Director, Family Services ACT (1993) FLC 92-416; C. v. C (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [1988] 1 WLR 654; Re A. (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1992] 2 FLR 14; Gsponer v. Johnstone (1988) 12 Fam. LR 755; Re Lambert (Family Court of Australia, 3 April 1987, unreported); Re E. (A Minor) (Abduction) [1989] 1 FLR 135; S. v. S. (Child Abduction) (Child's Views) [1992] 2 FLR 492.
Published in

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INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

Child's Objection
Parental Influence on the Views of Children

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, a girl and a boy, were 8 1/2 and 3 1/2 respectively at the date of the alleged wrongful removal.

They had lived in both Australia and Greece. The parents were married and had joint rights of custody. On 8 May 1994 the mother took the children to Australia from their home in Greece.

On 30 June 1994 the Central Authority for New South Wales initiated proceedings for the return of the children.

Ruling

Return ordered; the removal was wrongful and neither Article 13(1)(b) nor Article 13(2) had been proven to the standard required under the Convention.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The mother argued that the children would be exposed to a grave risk of psychological harm if she were not able to return to Greece with them. The court held that if a grave risk of psychological harm were to be inflicted by the conduct of the abducting parent then it would be relied upon by every mother of a young child in such cases.

Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

The court found that the mother had influenced the children's views and therefore little weight could be attached to them. In any event, the older child's views were limited by the fact that she was unable to take in all the factors which an adult or older child might consider.

INCADAT comment

Parental Influence on the Views of Children

Courts applying Article 13(2) have recognised that it is essential to determine whether the objections of the child concerned have been influenced by the abducting parent. 

Courts in a variety of Contracting States have dismissed claims under Article 13(2) where it is apparent that the child is not expressing personally formed views, see in particular:

Australia
Director General of the Department of Community Services v. N., 19 August 1994, transcript, Family Court of Australia (Sydney) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 231];

Canada
J.E.A. v. C.L.M. (2002), 220 D.L.R. (4th) 577 (N.S.C.A.) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 754];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 242 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 87].

Although not at issue in the case, the Court of Appeal affirmed that little or no weight should be given to objections if the child had been influenced by the abducting parent or some other person.

Finland
Court of Appeal of Helsinki: No. 2933 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FI 863];

France
CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947].
 
The Court of Appeal of Bordeaux limited the weight to be placed on the objections of the children on the basis that before being interviewed they had had no contact with the applicant parent and had spent a long period of time with the abducting parent. Moreover the allegations of the children had already been considered by the authorities in the children's State of habitual residence.

Germany
4 UF 223/98, Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 820];

Hungary
Mezei v. Bíró 23.P.500023/98/5. (27. 03. 1998, Central District Court of Budapest; First Instance); 50.Pkf.23.732/1998/2. 16. 06. 1998., (Capital Court as Appellate Court) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HU 329];

Israel
Appl. App. Dist. Ct. 672/06, Supreme Court 15 October 2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 885];

United Kingdom - Scotland
A.Q. v. J.Q., 12 December 2001, transcript, Outer House of the Court of Session (Scotland) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 415];

Spain
Auto Audiencia Provincial Nº 133/2006 Pontevedra (Sección 1ª), Recurso de apelación Nº 473/2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 887];

Restitución de Menores 534/1997 AA [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 908].

Switzerland
The highest Swiss court has held that the views of children could never be entirely independent; therefore a distinction had to be made between a manipulated objection and an objection, which whilst not entirely autonomous, nevertheless merited consideration, see:

5P.1/2005 /bnm, Bundesgericht II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 795].

United States of America
Robinson v. Robinson, 983 F. Supp. 1339 (D. Colo. 1997) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 128].

In this case the District Court held that it would be unrealistic to expect a caring parent not to influence the child's preference to some extent, therefore the issue to be ascertained was whether the influence was undue.

It has been held in two cases that evidence of parental influence should not be accepted as a justification for not ascertaining the views of children who would otherwise be heard, see:

Germany
2 BvR 1206/98, Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 233];

New Zealand
Winters v. Cowen [2002] NZFLR 927 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 473].

Equally parental influence may not have a material impact on the child's views, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901].

The Court of Appeal did not dismiss the suggestion that the child's views may have been influenced or coloured by immersion in an atmosphere of hostility towards the applicant father, but it was not prepared to give much weight to such suggestions.

In an Israeli case the court found that the child had been brainwashed by his mother and held that his views should therefore be given little weight. Nevertheless, the Court also held that the extreme nature of the child's reactions to the proposed return, which included the threat of suicide, could not be ignored.  The court concluded that the child would face a grave risk of harm if sent back, see:

Family Appeal 1169/99 R. v. L. [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 834].