CASE

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Case Name

Wanninger v. Wanninger, 850 F. Supp. 78 (D. Mass. 1994)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/USf 84

Court

Country

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Name

United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Ponsor D.J.

States involved

Requesting State

GERMANY

Requested State

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Decision

Date

15 April 1994

Status

Final

Grounds

Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a) | Procedural Matters

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

3 13(1)(a)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3 13(1)(a)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
Meredith v. Meredith, 759 F. Supp. 1432 (D. Ariz. 1991); Currier v. Currier, 845 F. Supp. 916 (D.N.H. 1994); David S. v. Zamira, 151 Misc. 2d 630, 574 N.Y.S.2d 429 (Fam. Ct. 1991); Friedrich v. Friedrich, 983 F.2d 1396, 125 ALR Fed. 703 (6th Cir. 1993); Sheikh v. Cahill, 145 Misc. 2d 171, 546 N.Y.S.2d 517 (Sup. Ct. 1989).

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

Acquiescence
Acquiescence

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, two girls and a boy, were aged 6, 4 and 3 at the date of the alleged wrongful retention. They had lived all their lives in Germany. The parents were married. On 25 November 1993 the mother took the children to the United States for a six week holiday. On 12 January 1994 she informed the father that she did not intend to return.

In mid February 1994 the father travelled to Massachusetts in an attempt to secure a reconciliation with the mother. This failed and he then sought relief through the German courts.

On 6 April 1994 the Family Court at Schwetzingen issued a declaration that the retention of the children was wrongful.

Ruling

Return ordered; the actions of the father were insufficient to meet the standard required under Art. 13(1)(a) to show acquiescence.

Grounds

Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a)

The burden is on the abductor to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the applicant acquiesced in the retention. On the facts of the case this burden was not displaced. The father's attempt at reconciliation was not indicative of acquiescence. Moreover, he had attempted throughout to remain in continual contact with the children.

Procedural Matters

It may be noted that less than two months elapsed between the father initiating return proceedings and a decision being delivered.

INCADAT comment

Acquiescence

There has been general acceptance that where the exception of acquiescence is concerned regard must be paid in the first instance to the subjective intentions of the left behind parent, see:

Australia
Commissioner, Western Australia Police v. Dormann, JP (1997) FLC 92-766 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 213];

Barry Eldon Matthews (Commissioner, Western Australia Police Service) v. Ziba Sabaghian PT 1767 of 2001 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 345];

Austria
5Ob17/08y, Oberster Gerichtshof, (Austrian Supreme Court) 1/4/2008 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 981].

Considering the issue for the first time, Austria's supreme court held that acquiescence in a temporary state of affairs would not suffice for the purposes of Article 13(1) a), rather there had to be acquiescence in a durable change in habitual residence.

Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];

Canada
Ibrahim v. Girgis, 2008 ONCA 23, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 851];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

In this case the House of Lords affirmed that acquiescence was not to be found in passing remarks or letters written by a parent who has recently suffered the trauma of the removal of his children.

Ireland
K. v. K., 6 May 1998, transcript, Supreme Court of Ireland [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

Israel
Dagan v. Dagan 53 P.D (3) 254 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 807];

New Zealand
P. v. P., 13 March 2002, Family Court at Greymouth (New Zealand), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 533];

United Kingdom - Scotland
M.M. v. A.M.R. or M. 2003 SCLR 71, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 500];

South Africa
Smith v. Smith 2001 (3) SA 845 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 499];

Switzerland
5P.367/2005 /ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 841].

In keeping with this approach there has also been a reluctance to find acquiescence where the applicant parent has sought initially to secure the voluntary return of the child or a reconciliation with the abducting parent, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

P. v. P. (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] 2 FLR 835, [INCADAT cite:  HC/E/UKe 179];

Ireland
R.K. v. J.K. (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [2000] 2 IR 416, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

United States of America
Wanninger v. Wanninger, 850 F. Supp. 78 (D. Mass. 1994), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 84];

In the Australian case Townsend & Director-General, Department of Families, Youth and Community (1999) 24 Fam LR 495, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 290] negotiation over the course of 12 months was taken to amount to acquiescence but, notably, in the court's exercise of its discretion it decided to make a return order.