HC/E/CA 1125
Canada
Première instance
États-Unis d'Amérique
Canada
22 May 2001
Définitif
Déplacement et non-retour - art. 3 et 12 | Droit de garde - art. 3 | Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Engagements
Retour ordonné sujet à des engagements
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The final divorce judgment granted the mother and father shared parental responsibility for their children. Under Florida State Law this included the right of the father to determine the primary residence of the child.
He therefore had custody rights pursuant to Article 5(1) a) of the Convention. In November and December 2000 he had exercised his rights of visitation and so at the time of the alleged wrongful removal was exercising custody rights for the purpose of Article 3(1)(b).
The Court found that returning the children to Florida did not expose them personally to a risk of harm. There was no evidence that the father had ever caused or threatened the children harm. Furthermore, the mother had not alleged that he had struck the children or abused them.
The mother alleged that she had been physically and verbally assaulted by the father throughout their relationship. She claimed to have suffered numerous injuries including broken teeth, eye injuries and bruising.
On one occasion the father had held a gun to her head as she held her infant son and threatened to kill them both if she did not agree to a "sham divorce".
There was medical documentation confirming that the mother had been seriously assaulted prior to her separation from the father. Two temporary injunctions for protection against domestic violence had been issued by the Florida Court.
Furthermore, the mother had been assisting an investigation into alleged misconduct by the father in his employment. She claimed that she left Florida with the children because she feared that he might try to kill or injure her as a consequence. The father alleged that that the mother had a history of drug abuse and dependency.
The Court questioned why the mother had not raised the allegations of physical abuse during the divorce proceedings as they would have been pertinent to the determination of shared parental responsibility. Furthermore, in September 1999 the mother had applied to dismiss an injunction relating to alleged domestic violence.
She claimed that the father would have lost his job if convicted of a domestic violence offence and that she feared losing support payments. This explanation was difficult to accept given that she had provided information to the investigators which was also likely to cost the father his job.
In an affidavit sworn on 3 April 2001, the mother said that she was not opposed to the father having access to the children and was prepared to send them to New York to see him. This could not be reconciled with the mother's claim that she feared that the father might kill her.
Furthermore, there was no evidence that the father was aware of the investigation or that the mother had been assisting it. Even if the threat to the mother was real, she could have sought protection from the authorities in Florida, but had not done so.
The mother had not established that returning the children to Florida would expose them to a grave risk of physical or psychological harm or otherwise place them in an intolerable situation.
The father offered to delay the return of the children to Florida until after the end of the school term in Ontario on 28 June 2001. He also put forward a plan of care for the children after their return.
The Court ordered the father to pay $2,500 to cover the cost of returning to Florida if the mother accompanied the children. Furthermore, he was to undertake not to molest, annoy, harass or disturb the mother and children pending their return.
Authors of the summary: Jamie Yule & Peter McEleavy
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.
Courts in a variety of Contracting States have afforded a wide interpretation to what amounts to the actual exercise of rights of custody, see:
Australia
Director General, Department of Community Services Central Authority v. J.C. and J.C. and T.C. (1996) FLC 92-717 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 68];
Austria
8Ob121/03g, Oberster Gerichtshof, 30/10/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 548];
Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37];
France
Ministère Public c. M.B. Cour d'Appel at Aix en Provence (6e Ch.) 23 March 1989, 79 Rev. crit. 1990, 529 note Y. Lequette [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 62];
CA Amiens 4 mars 1998, n° 5704759 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];
CA Aix en Provence 8/10/2002, L. v. Ministère Public, Mme B et Mesdemoiselles L (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];
Germany
11 UF 121/03, Oberlandesgericht Hamm, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 822];
21 UF 70/01, Oberlandesgericht Köln, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 491];
New Zealand
The Chief Executive of the Department for Courts for R. v. P., 20 September 1999, Court of Appeal of New Zealand [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 304];
United Kingdom - Scotland
O. v. O. 2002 SC 430 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 507].
In the above case the Court of Session stated that it might be going too far to suggest, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit had done in Friedrich v Friedrich that only clear and unequivocal acts of abandonment might constitute failure to exercise custody rights. However, Friedrich was fully approved of in a later Court of Session judgment, see:
S. v S., 2003 SLT 344 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 577].
This interpretation was confirmed by the Inner House of the Court of Session (appellate court) in:
AJ. V. FJ. 2005 CSIH 36, 2005 1 S.C. 428 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 803].
Switzerland
K. v. K., Tribunal cantonal de Horgen [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CZ 299];
449/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];
5A_479/2007/frs, Tribunal fédéral, IIè cour civile, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 953];
United States of America
Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 82];
Sealed Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 394 F.3d 338 (5th Cir. 2004), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 779];
Abbott v. Abbott, 130 S. Ct. 1983 (2010), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 1029].
See generally Beaumont P.R. and McEleavy P.E., 'The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction' OUP, Oxford, 1999 at p. 84 et seq.
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.